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* BYELINSKI. 746 ture from Lomonosoff down to his own day. Byelinski's critiques now acquired a social char- acter, and he appeared not only as a keen ces- thetie jud'ie, but as a passionate eritico-publicist as well, lighting for personal rights, unmasking social and literary hypocrisy, scourging stagna- tion, routine. ai?d lack of humaneness in society. In 1S4G he began to contribute to the Voiitem- ]iorari/, rejuvenated under the editorship of the poet XekrasolV. Uis last great effort was his Literary Review (or the Year JS.'/7, in which he saw the hope of Russian literature in the 'natu- ralistic' works of Turgenieff. Gontcharoll'. Dos- toyefski, and others. His health was under- mined, anil the trip abroad could not delay the progress of consumption, which brought him to the grave on the eve of his arrest by the police on account of his radical views. A (icrfect master of style, passionate, and en- dowed with a brilliant "fanc.y, with a natural bitterness greatly increased by physical ailing and the hardship's of life, he poured all his heart and soul into his work. Greeting with ardent delight the appearance of every new gifted writer, he unerringly foretold his future develop- ment, basing his opinion upon a careful analysis of his work. Besides giving correct estimates of all the chief Russian writers and bringing down the history of Ru.ssiau literature to certain well- defined periods, he was the first Russian to estab- lish riglit conceptions of art and literature, and to point out the direction which literature must take to become a social force. His works, in twelve volumes, were published in 18r)9-'2, and later. In 1898, after the copyright ceased, several new editions appeared. The best is low ( 1902) in the course of publication, with pro- fuse notes by S. Vengeroff (to be in twelve vol- umes). Consult A. Pypin, Bt/elinski: Eis Life and Cftrrrnpondence (Saint Petersburg, 1876). BYELOSTOK, bya'lS-stok'. See Bialystok. BY'EKLY, William Elwood (1849—). An American mathematician. He was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., and in 1871 graduated at Harard. He was assistant professor at Cornell (187.3-7G), and since then has been at Harvard, first as as- sistant professor, and then, after 1881, as full professor of mathematics. He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Sciences in 1878, and has published Elements of Differential Caleulus (1879) ; Elemcntfi of Integral Calculus (1881) ; a Treatise on Fourier's Series and Spherical. f'j- lindrieal. and Ellipsoidal Harmonics: and Prob- lems in Differential Calculus (1895), BYERIiY TURK, The. The sire of the Herod race-horse stock, ridden in the Irisli Rcl>cl- lion of 1089, by one Captain Byerly and named after him. He" was one of the triad from which all Englisli thoroughbreds mentioned in the stud- book are traced. See GouoLPUlx Barb. BY'FORD, William Heath (1817-90). An .American physician. He was born in Eaton, Ohio, graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1844, and became professor of anatomy in the Evansville (Ind.) Medical College in 18.50. In 18.57 he was appointed professor of obstetrics and di-seases of women and children in the Rush Medical College (Chicago), where he became pro- fessor of gynecology in ISSO. He was president and professor of clinical surgery in the Women's Hospital Medical College from its organization in 1862 until 1880; was twice president of the BYXES. American Medical Association; and was presi- dent of the American Gynecological Society. Among his works, the best-known are: Surgery Applied to Diseases of Women (1865, 2d ed., 1871) and Philosophy of Domestic Life (1868). BY'INGTON, Ezra Hoyt (1828-1901). An American Congiegational scholar. He was born at Hinesburgh, Vt., September 3, 1828, graduated at the University of Vermont, 1852, and at -iidover Theological Seminary, 1857; was pastor in various places. He wrote The Puritan in England and Xcw England (Boston, 1896, 4th ed., 1900) ; Tlte Puritan as Colonist and Re- former (1899) ; also the histories of the Congre- gational churches at Hinesburgh, Windsor, and New Haven, Vt. ; a memorial of Rev. E. Cutler, D.D., and a volume of sennons. The Christ of Yesterday, To-Day, and Forever (1897). He died at Newton, Mass., May 16, 1901. BY-LAW (probably on tlie analogy of by- path, by-way, corrupted from byrtaiv; see Byb- LAW), As the term itself indicates, it was first applied to the local rules or laws of a township, manor, or vill, but, as used at present, the term includes all rules or legulations made by puli- lic or private corporations, or even by unincorpo- rated societies, for their own management or for the government of their members. The power to make and to change its by-laws belongs to every corporation, even without an express grant of authority. When the power is conferred by charter, or by a general statute, upon particular persons, such as a board of directors, it can be validly exercised only liy such persons. In the absence of any limitation, however, the power belongs to the members at large. A by-law which is repugnant to a constitutional provision or to a .settled rule of law, or which is unreason- able, is invalid. A valid by-law of a municipal coi'poration (or ordinance, as it is usually called in this country) is a true law, for it has the authority of the State behind it. A breach of it subjects the offender, generally, not only to an action for a penalty, but to a criminal prosecu- tion. By-laws of private corporations or of unincorporated societies are rather agreements binding on the members, than laws, in the true sense of that term. See Corporation, and con- sult the authorities referred to under that arti- cle; also Boisot, By-Laws of Private Corpora- tions (2d ed., Saint Paul, 1902); Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law (2d ed., Bos- ton, 1899). BYLES, bllz, Mather (1706-88). A New England clergyman and poet, distinguished for wit and repartee. He was born in Boston, March 26, 1700, graduated at Harvard in 1725. and after being ordained to the ministrv. received charge, December 20, 173.3, of the Ho'lfis Street Congre- i.'ational Church, Boston. He was distinguished as a pulpit orator, and his published sermons show a considerable command of language. He corresponded with Pope and Swift, and wrote a Poem on the Death of George I. (1727); a Poetical Epistle to Governor Belcher on the Death of His Lady (1736); and Miscellaneous Poems (1744), which were lauded by his con- temporaries to an extent that now seems ludi- crous. Byles was a consistent Tory, and in 1770 left his parish on that account. In 1777 he was denounced as an enemy of his country, tried, and condemned to imprisonment and banishment, but