Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/845

* BUZZARD. 745 BYELINSKI. Imt only two or three of them are wideh* dis- tributed. The most common of these is the red- tailed hawk ( liutco borealis), found over all Xorth -America. The tail of the adult bird is a rich rufous, tipped with white and with a narrow black band near the tip. The red-tail is one of our largest hawks, measuring from four and a half to five feet across the wings. Though often called the 'hen-hawk,' he seldom attacks poultry, and feeds largely on frogs and insects, as well as mice and sciiiirrels. The nest is a largo alfair of sticks built in a tree from 30 to 70 feet from the ground. The eggs, laid very early in the spring, are usually three or four in number, dull white, soniewliat marked with brown. Closely allied to the red-tail is the red-- shouldered hawk {liutco Uncdtiis), a somewhat smaller bird, and easily recognizable by the rufous wing coverts, forming a bright patch at tiie bend of the wing. The red-shouldered hawk has about the same range as the red-tail and is often confused, with it under the names 'hen- hawk' and 'chicken-hawk,' but poultry is really a very insignificant part of its diet. Its breeding habits are similar to those of the red-tail. The broad-winged hawk {Buteo latissimiis) is much smaller than either of the preceding, and is confined to the eastern part of the continent. It feeds very largely on insects. The name is often extended to the genus of which the rough-legged hawk {Archibiiteo, logo- pus) is the best-known species. These buz- zards are easily recognized by the feathered tarsus, the feathers extending clear to the toes in front. The rough-leg is one of the most wide- ranging hawks known, being found in the Old World from Lai)land to the Cape of Good Hope, and in America us far south at least as Virginia. It is somewhat darker than the European and is ranked as a separate subspecies. ( See Plate of Eagles and Hawks.) In the western part of North America is found a closely allied species, the 'California squirrel-hawk,' which is consid- ered "one of the largest, handsomest, and most distinctively marked hawks of North America." Besides these various buzzards already men- tioned, about twenty other species are known. found in all parts of the world. In America, the name buzzard is commonly given to the Ameri- can 'ultures (q.v.), of which the common tur- key-buzzard is the most familiar example. BUZZARD, ;Mr. .ItSTiCE. An ignorant and corrujit judge in Fielding's Amelia. BUZZARD-EAGLE. See Eagle. BUZZARD'S BAY. A bay on the south coast of -Massachusetts, about 30 miles long by 5 to 10 miles wide, sheltered from the ocean and partly separated from Vinevard Sound (q.v.) bv the Elizabeth Islands (Map: Massachusetts, F 4), which form a portion of the southern boundary. Buzzard's Bay is a favorite summer resort. In the bay are the harbors of New Bedford. Ware- ham, Sippican, Nasketucket. and Mattapoiset. BY-BIDDING. A fictitious bidding at an auction sale on l>ehalf of the vendor, at his request or with his connivance, for the purpose of enhancing the price and without the intent of buying. Another name for this practice is 'pufT- ing.' In England, secret by-bidding or pufTmg by a single bidder will vitiate .a sale at an auction advertised as being without reserve. Such ap- pears to be the rule generally prevailing in the United States. When the auction is not announced to be without reserve, there is considerable au- thority both in England and in the United States for the view that a single pufVcr will not invali- date the sale, if he is employed to prevent a sacri- fice of the property at too low a i>rice, and does not run the jirice up unduly. The safe and honor- able course for an owner, however, who wishes to save his property from sacrifice at auction, is to give notice that he reserves the right of bidding, or of withdrawing the property, if satis- factory bids are not made. An agreement by the vendor to pay the ])ufTer for his services is un- enforceable whenever the services are illegal. See Auction ; Contract. BYBLOS, bib'los (Gk. Biflog). An aticient city of Pliienicia, more properly Gyblos, now called Jel)eil, situated at the base of the Lebanon, about half way between Tripoli and Beirut. It is frequently mentioned in Phoenician inscrip- tions under the form G B L and appears in cu- neiform documents as early as the Fifteenth Cen- tury B.C. as Gubli, in later inscriptions also as Gubal. From the el-Amarna tablets it is evident that it was a place of considerable imi)ortance alread}' at a remote period, and was prominently involved in the western campaigns of Tiglatli- pileser III. and Shalmaneser IV. (Eighth Cen- tury B.C. ) . How the change from initial G to B was brought about is not known, but among Greek writers (e.g. Strabo), it is invariably Icnown as Byblos. Byblos was the seat of or- ship of Adonis of Tammus and of Astarte under the name of Baalet-Gublu (lady of Gulilu or Byblos). The town is called Gebal in the Bible: Ezek. xxAii. 9 mentions the maritime pursuits of the inhabitants. The remains of the town are rich in ruins, dating from Roman times and the period of the Crusades. It was the birth- place of Philo. BYELINSKI, bye-Wn'ske, Vissarion Gbi- GORVEVITCH (1S10-4S). A Russian literary critic. He was born at Sveaborg. the son of a physician. He attended the gymnasium at Penza and stud- ied philology at the University of JIoscow, where he became intimate with the 'idealist' circle of Stankyevitch, Herzen, and' others. In 1832. on ac- count of a tragedy directed against serfdom, he was expelled from the university, ostensibly on the ground of 'incapacity.' In 1,S34 he made his debut with the famous Lilerari/ Rercries — a brilliant survey of the historical development of Russian literature — in Rumor, and contrib- uted to it and the TelcHcope until their sup- pression in 1S3G. Two years later, with sev- eral friends, he undertook to edit the .Moscow Ohserver. Under the influence of Bakunin and a one-sided interpretation of Hegel's proposi- tion, 'all that exists is rational,' he preached complete acceptance of and conciliation with reality. At the same time he advocated the the- oi-y of pure art, which aimed at an artistic embodiment of 'eternal ideas' and not at a re- production of life. In 1839 he went to the capi- tal and became principal contributor of the Annals of the Fatherland. 'Reality' soon fright- ened him here, and all the fiery striving for truth and right now turned into deep grief ov.er this reality. From 1 840-40 he wrote a series of long es.says on Derzhavin, LermontofT, Gogol, Kolt- sofT, Pushkin (the last a volume of Over 600 pages), and other popular writers, the whole forming practically a history of Russian litcra-