Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/843

* BUTTRESS. 748 BUXTON. Uothic buttress is iised iu two or three oases •only (e.g. Frari, Venice). Since the Gothic period the buttress has been practically elimi- nated. The Eenaissance returned to the Roman method of concealed balance of thrusts, and the same method was followed by subsequent styles. BUTURLINOVKA, boH toor'lo-nAf'kiV (ori- jjinally the estate of Coiuit Butiirlin), or Pe- TROVSKO-kT:. A village in the (iovernment of Voronezli, Russia, 35 miles southeast of Bobrov. It has n nu!ul)cr of tanneries, (lour -mills, and brickvanls. Population. 1807, 23.400. BUTYB'IC ACID (I,at. huti/rum. butter; see BiTTEin. C',H,0,. One of the so-called fatty ^cids. It is an important constituent of but- ter, in which it exists in the form of a glyceride — i.e. an ester of glycerin. The free acid has a disagreeable odor similar to that of stale fiweat, in which it is found in small quantities. It is a thick liquid, somewhat lighter than ■xvater, and boiling at 103° C. It mixes with •water in all proportions. It is usually prepared T)y a double process of fermentation. First, milk-sugar is exposed to the action of the lactic ferment present in the air. which transfomis the sugar into lactic acid. The lactic-acid solu- tion thus obtained is then subjected to the ac- tion of another ferment, the huti/ric ferment, present in decaying cheese: and by this second process of fermentation the lactic acid is gradu- ally transformed into butyric acid, provided the solution is kept neutral by the addition of ■chalk. The butyrate of lime thus obtained is <Jecomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the free butyric acid is separated by distilla- tion. Butyric acid may also be prepared from butter by boiling (saponifying) with caustic potash. The acid called ixohuli/ric acid has the same molecular composition as butyric acid, though the two differ distinctly in their physical and chemical properties; thus isobutyrie acid boils at 155° C. and, unlike butyric acid, has a limited solubility in water. The constitu- tional formula assigned to butvric acid is CH,.CH,.CH,.COH ; that assigned "to isobutyrie acid is (CIT:;)X'II.COOH. BUTTKIC ESTER, or Pin-eappie Oil. An exceedingly fragrant oil obtained by distilling a mixture of butyric acid, alcoliol. and sulphuric acid. The butyric ester which passes over is generally mixed with alcohol, and sold in com- I'leree as arti/icii.il pineaj>plc oil. Its odor re- sembles that of pineapples. The substance is used in the manufacture of fruit candy and in perfumery. In its formation, ordinary alco- hol (C.H5OH) combines with butyric acid (CjHjCOOH). according to the following chem- ical equation ; C,H,OH + C,H:C00n = C,II,C00C,H5+ HjO Butyric est*'r. or Kth.vl but.vrate. See also Kster.s. BUXTEHUDE, buks'tfi-hoo'dc. Dietkku (1037-1707). A noted German organist and •composer, bom at Elsinore, Zealand. Denmark. Nothing is Icnown regarding his musical train- ing. He must have achieved a considerable reputation by IH(i8, for in that year he was ap- pointed organist of the Marienkirche of Liibeck, at that time one of the most important posts of the sort in (ierniany. There be exercised a powerful intlucncc upon the musical history of his time. Not only was he distinguished as an organist, but he established the 'Abendmusiken,' famous throughout Germany even into the Nine- teenth Century. These were services, comjiris- ing organ music and concerted works for chorus and orchestra, given annually in the Marien- kirche, on the afternoons of "the five Sundays preceding Christmas. It is recorded that to hear these performances in 1705 Biich walked 50 miles, from Ariistadt to Liibeck, where he I'roliinged his month of leave to three months. Buxtchude was suri>assed in the choral by the Pachclbel (q.v. ) school, but he was eminent as a jiioneer in purely instrumental music, later carried to its full development by Bach. Jlany of his compositions have been lost. Fourteen Choral-Bedrbeittinyen have been edited by Delm (Leipzig), and the organ works that are still ex- tant by Spitta (2 vols., Leipzig, lS7(i-78). Vari- ous separate pieces have appeared in Busby's History of Music (London, 1819) ; CommeV's ^flfsira fiiirni (2(! vols., Berlin. 183!) et seq.. Vol. I.) : Ritter's Kiinst des Orgelspiels (Leip- zig. 1877) ; and other works. BUX'TON (AS. 60c, Ger. Buche, Scotch, buck, Engl, beech + AS. tun, Engl, toicn). A market- town and watering-place in Derbyshire, England, 33 miles northwest of Derby (Map: England, K 3). It lies 900 feet above the sea, in a deep valley, surrounded by hills and moors, which have been tastefully planted, the only approach being by a narrow ravine. Buxton is famous for its calcareous springs, tepid (82° F. ) and cold (discharging 120 gallons of water per minute), and its chalybeate springs. It is visited annual- ly from ,Tune to October, by 12,000 to 14,000 persons, the waters being taken for indigestion, gout, rheumatism, and nen-ous and cutaneous diseases. There is a small industry in ornaments made from alabaster and spar. Buxton is in direct railway conuuunicatiou with London. 100 miles distant. Near Buxton are Diamuiid Hill, famous for its crystals, and Poole's hole, a stalactitie cavern about 500 yards long. About five miles east of Buxton is Chee Tor, a jier- pendicular limestone rock 300 feet high. Po])u- lation. in 1891, 7540; in 1901, 10.181. The Romans had baths here, ilary Queen of Scots resided for some time at Buxton when in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury. BUXTON, Jedediaii. See Calculators, Re- M.4.KKAM.E. BUXTON, Sir Thomas Fowell (1780-1845). An English philanthropist. He was born at Eail's Colne, Essex, the eldest son of a wealthy family. At liis graduation from Trinity College, Dublin, at 21 years of age, he was asked to represent the university in Parliament, but de- clined. He married a sister of the celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Fry in 1807, entered business as a brewer, and by his energ' and great business ability ultimately accunuihited a large fortune. He at once interested himself, also, in local charities, and in educational and religious enter prises. In 1818 h(f entered Parliament as mem- ber for Weymouth, which he continued to repre- sent for about twenty years, taking a prominent l)art in all debates on such questions as the amelioration of criminal law and of prison dis- cipline, the suppression of the suttee in Indi:i, and the emancipation of slaves. The latter, in
 * >articular, engrossed a large share of his activity