Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/839

* 3TJTTEF.-TREE. 739 BUTTNER. belong to the genus Bassia, of the order Sapo- tacede; the butter-trees of Guiana and Brazil to the genus Carvooar (q.v.), of the order Caryo- caraeeoe. The oil-palm (q.v.) ajid the Cocos butj-racea (see Cocoaxut) may also be regarded as butter-trees, although not generally receiving that name. The mahwa, madhuca. or mahowa of the East Indies {Bassin hitifolia) attains a height of 50 feet and is found in stony and mountain- ous parts of India. The succulent corollas of the flowers are eaten raw, and a kind of spirits is distilled from them. They also yield an essential oil. The seeds yield by expression a thick, gi-eenish-yellow oil used as food and also for lamps. The Indian butter - tree, Bassia hutyracea, occurs in the more mountainous parts of India. The tree grows to a height of 50 to 60 feet. The wood is light and of no great im- portance. The fruit is eaten to some extent, and from the seeds is expressed the oil or butter, which is white, and is extensively used. The Indian oil-tree. Bassia loiiffifoUa, is a related species, the seeds of which are used in a similar manner to the others. The wood is said to resemble teak in its strength, hardness, and durabilitv. Bassia pallida is said to yield gutta- percha. The butter-tree of Central Africa, described by Mungo Park, is now known as Buty- rospermuni Parkii, although formerly considered a species of Bassia. It produces the Galam lat- ter, also called Hliea butter (i.e. tree-butter), which is highly valued and forms an important article of internal commerce in the interior of Africa. The seeds of the fruit, which resembles an olive, are dried in the sun. or in a peculiar kind of oven, and the kemels are then boiled in water, in order to obtain the butter from them, which not only keeps for a whole year without salt, but is also -whiter, more solid, and more pleasant to the taste than the butter of cow's milk. This butter is used both as an article of food and of medicine. It has been supposed that the introduction of this tree might be of great importance in other tropical- countries. BTTTTER-WOEKEB,. A machine for work- ing butter to remove the buttermilk and wash- ings, to incorporate the salt, and to bring the butter into compact form. (See BrxTER-il.vK- ING.) Both hand and power workers are used: and there are also several forms of the combined churn and butter-worker, in which the butter is worked within the churn without removing it. Tlie latter are always operated by power. But- ter-workers reduce the labor of butter-making, and aid in producing a better butter. They make it unnecessary for the hands of the maker to come in contact with the product, and, as the grain of the butter is least alfected by working it at a teMi[)cralure of from 45° to 55°, this is an important advantage. They are now very generally eni])loyed in creameries and large dairies. " See Bt;TTER-:MA.KiNG. BUTTEBWORT (a wort, or root, secreting a greasv, butter-like substance) { Finf/uicula) . A genus" of plants of the onler Lentibulariaeete. The species are small plants with rosettes of radical leaves that secrete viscid fluid, which ■catches in.seets. They are found in bogs and -aasf. marshes of different parts of the world. The flowers have spurred bilobed corollas, and often have some beauty, especially those of Piiiguicula grandiflora, a rare native of the south of France and of Ireland. The com- mon butterwort (Pinyuicula vulgaris) is abun- dant in the northern parts of Great Britain and Europe. It has the power of coagulating milk. The Laplanders pour reindeer-milk warm from the animal upon the leaves of this plant, strain it, and set it aside for two or three days, till it acquires the consistence of cream and some degree of acidity, when it is with them a favorite article of food. A little of it in this stale will produce the same effect on warm reindeer-milk which was at first produced by [he leaves of the plant. The origin of the Eng- lish name, butterwort, is sometimes referred to the power of coagulating milk, sometimes to the peculiar texture of the leaves. BUTTEE"WOaTH, Hezeki.vh (lS3n-1005). An . icrican cilitor. juvenile writer, and poet. He was born at Warren, R. I., December 22, 1839. After a common-school education, Butterworth traveled widely in America and Europe, and be- came (1871) editor of The Youth's Vompanioiu Among his popular juvenile books are: Zigzag Journeys (1876-90); A Knight of Liberty; The Boyhood of Lincoln; The Patriot Schoolmaster; and The Wampum Belt (1896). He has pub- lished, also, Poems for Christmas, Easter, and Seic Year (1883); Poems and Ballads (1887), dealing with American history; and Songs of History ( 1SS7). BUTTMANN, boot'man, Philipp Karl (1764- 1829). An eminent German classical scholar, lie was born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, and studied in Giittingen under Heyne. He became, in 1789, assistant in the Royal Library in Ber- lin, and rose successively to be secretary and librarian (1811). He held at the same time (1800-08) a professorship in the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, which he afterwards ex- changed for a professorship in the newly found- ed university of that city. He died .June 21. 1829. Buttmann is best known by his Greek grammars, the flriechisehe Grammatik (22d ed.,. 1869), and his Griechische. Schulqrammatik (14th ed., 1862). His Leicilogus (2d"ed., 1860) is a study of the difficult words in Homer and Hesiod. His other important works are: Aus- fiihrliche griechische ^jirachlehre (1819-27); editions of selected dialogues of Plato ; Demos- thenes In Midiam; Sophoclcs's Philocetes, Ara- tus's Piufnoniena, and seholi:i to the Odyssey. Valuable, also, was his Mylhutogus (1828-29), a collection of essays on myths of the ancients, lie continued the gi'eat edition of Quinlilian begua by Spalding. BUTTNER, l)iit'ner, K.vrl Gottiiilf (1848 — ). A (iernuin missionary and linguist, born in Konigsberg. He studied theology at the University of Konigsberg, in 1872-80 worked under commission of the Rheinische Missions- gesellschaft in Dnniaraland, and at the same time conducted a school for native teachers at Otyimbingwe. From 1886 to 1889 he was in- spector of the Ostafrikanisehe Missionsgesell- schaft in Berlin, and in 1887 was appointed an instructor in the Seminary for Oriental Lan- guages. He publislied a Sprachfiihrer fiir h'eisende in Damaraland (1888); a Worterbuch der Suahelisprachc (1891); and Lieder und Oeschichten der Suaheli (1893).