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* BUTLER. 726 BUTLER. stituted a vigorous administration which, though characterized by great ability and for the most part by good judgment, was warmly criticised. Especial notoriety attached to his '•Order No. 28," issued after considerable provo- cation, in which he directed that any woman who should publicly insult United States offi- cers should be -'regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avo- cation." The order aroused the intense anger of the South, and, for this and other acts dur- ing his administration, President Jefferson Ditvis in December ordered by proclamation that Butler should be considered as a felon and an outlaw, and if captured should instantly be hanged. Butler's order also caused nuich indigna- tion abroad, and especially in England, and for some time threatened seriously to compromise the relations between the British and American Governments. Butler was relieved from his post by Gen. K. P. Banks (q.v.), in December, 1862, and toward the close of 1863 was made commander of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, in which capacity, after being hemmed in for some time at Bermuda Hundred (q.v.), he cooperated in Grant's general move- ment against Petersburg. In October, 1864^ he was temporarilv put in command at New York City, in view of anticipated disturbances dur- ing the approaching election, and in the follow- ing December commanded an expedition against Fort Fisher. His conduct during this move- ment led to his removal by Grant, whose orders he had disregarded, and to the ending of his military career. Devoting himself thereafter to law and politics, he was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1866, remained a member during ten of the following twelve years, took an active part in the debates over the various Eeconstruction measures, and was one of the seven managers, for the House, of the impeach- ment trial of President Andrew Johnson. In 1871 he was the Republican nominee for Gov- ernor of ^Massachusetts, but was defeated. Hay- in" left the Republican Party and allied himself with the Greenback and Labor movement, he be- came an independent Democratic candidate for Governor in 1878, and again in 1879, but vas each time defeated. He acted regularly with the Democrats in the campaign of 1880, and was finallv elected Governor by that party in 1882. In the following vear he was defeated for the same office, and in 1884, refusing to be bound by the action of the Democratic National Con- vention, of which he had been a member, he ac- cepted a Presidential nomination from the Greenback-Labor and Anti-Monopolist parties; but was defeated in the ensuing election. He died suddenly at Washington, January 11, 1893. He published The Atitobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-Cfeneral B. F. Butler: Butler's Book (1892). Consult: Yarton, But- ler in Neio Orleans (New York, 1863) ; and Bland, Life of Benjamin F. Butler (Boston, 1879). BUTLER, Chari.es (17501832). A prolific English writer, nephew of Alban Butler (q.v.). He was educated at Douai, was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 177.5. and first practiced as a conveyancer, but was regilarly called to the bar in 1791, when the disability under which the Roman Catholics suffered was removed. Throughout his life he labored earnestly for the repeal of the law against English Catholics. His literary activity was enormous. Among his works were lives of Erasmus, Grotius, Fene- lon, Bossuet, Alban Butler, and others. He also published a continuation of his uncle's Lives of tlie Saints, and completed Hargrave's edition of Coke tipon Littleton. BUTLER, CnARi.E,s (1802-97). An Ameri- can lawyer and philanthropist. He was born at Kinderhook Landing, Columbia County. N. Y. ; studied law in the office of ilartin Van Buren at Albany, N. Y.; was admitted to the bar in 1824; became assistant district attorney of Genesee County; and as agent of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company, was influ- ential in building up the western part of the State. He obtained extensive interests in land on the site of the present cities of Chicago, 111., and Toledo, Ohio, and by this means, by large railway investments, and by his adjustment of the State debts of Indiana, Michigan, and Il- linois, accumulated a fortune. In 1835 he was a founder of the LTnion Theological Seminary, New York City, and in 1836 was appointed to the council of New York University, of which he was long president. BUTLER, Clemetv't Moore (1810-90). A Protestant Episcopal clergvman, born in Troy, N. Y. He graduated at Trinity College in 1833, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1836, and was rector of churches in Boston and Washington, and, from 1862 to 1864. of Grace Church, Rome, Italy. For the next twenty years he was professor of ecclesiastical history in the Protestant Episcopal Theological School, Phila- delphia. He published: The Book of Common Prayer Interpreted by Its History (1846) ; Old Truths and New Errors (1850) ; Saint Paul in Rome (1865) ; Inner Rome (1866) ; and Manual of Ecclesiastical History (2 vols., 1868-72). BUTLER, Henry Mo>:tagu (1833—). An English clergj-man and educator, born at Gaj'ton, Northamptonshire. He studied at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, and was headmaster of Har- row School from 1859 to 1885. In 1885-86 he was Dean of Gloucester, and in 1897 was ap- pointed honorary Canon of Ely. He became master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1886, and vice-chancellor in 1889 and 1890. His pub- lished works, consisting chiefly of volumes of sermons, include: Sermons Preached in the Cluxpel of Harrow School (1861; a second series in 1866) ; Belief in Christ, and Other Sermons (1898) ; Words of Good Cheer for the Holy Communion (1898); and University and Other Sermons (1899). BUTLER, Howard Russell (1856—). An American landscape and marine painter, and also a la^vyer. He was born in New York, March 3, 1856, graduated at Princeton College, 1876, and at the Columbia Law School, 1881. He studied painting at the Art Students' League in New York, and in Paris. His pictures are painted with direct reference to nature, good in color, and vivid as impressions of the scene. It was largely through his instrumentality that the structure which is the hotae of the Fine Arts Society, of which he was the first presi- dent, was built. BUTLER, James. See Ormonde.