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* BUTLER. 725 BUTLER. small, public library. Settled about 1798, But- ler was first incorporated in 1803. It is gov- erned by a burgess, elected for three years, and a borough council. Population, in 1880, 316.3; in 18!10. 8734; in 1900, 10,853. BUTLER, Alb.x (1711-73). An English hagiographer. In 1719 he was sent to the Eng- lish Roman Catholic College at Douai, where he was professor of philosophy, and afterwards of divinity. He traveled on the Continent, was chaplain to the Duke of Norfolk, and was presi- dent of the English College of Saint Omer, where he died. His great work, the I/ires of the Saints, a kind of latter-day Acta Sanctorum (4 vols., 1756-59), required thirty years for its completion, and shows vast erudition and re- search. The second edition (with previously omitted notes) was published in twelve volumes after his death, and many editions and transla- tions have been issued since. BUTLER, Amos William (I860—). An American anthropologist and ornithologist, born at Brookville, Ind. He was educated at the University of Indiana, at Bloomington; was one of the founders of the Indiana Academy of Sci- ence, and in 1895 was elected its president. From 1890 to 1897 he was ornithologist to the State Department of Geology and Xatural Re- sources of Indiana. He was secretary of the Section of Anthropology of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science from 1880, of the section of biology from 1889. and general secretary of the association from 1891. In 1900 he became a vice-president of the asso- ciation, in charge of the Section of Anthropol- ogy. His publications include Xotes on, the Sange and Habits of the Carolina Parrakeet (1892): Urodela — the Salamanders. Genus Cryptohranchus Leuckart (1892), and a work on The Birds of Indiana. BUTLER, Andrew Pickens (1796-1857). An American politician. He graduated at South Carolina College, and in 1817 became a lawyer. He sen-ed in the Legislature in 1824, and in 1833 was appointed judge of the Circuit and Supreme courts. In 1840 he was appointed Vnited States Senator, and served as such imtil his death. It was Sumner's reply to But- ler's last speech in the Senate that led to the assault upon the former bv Preston S. Brooks (q.v.). BUTLER, Benjamin Fban-klin (1795-1858). An American lawyer and politician. He was bom at Kinderhook Landing, N. Y., received a district-school education : studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1817. He was a partner of JIartin Van Buren until 1821, and gained rapid eminence in his profession. In 1825-27 he was associated with Messrs. Duer and Spencer on the commission to revise tlie statute laws of the State, and with them carried through the work in such a way as to win the enthusias- tic praise of the New York bar. He was elect- ed to the State Legislature in 1827, was the representative of Xew York on the commission which, in 1833. readjusted the Xew York-Xew .lersey boundary: was Attorney-General in the Cabinet of Jackson from 1833 to 1837. and in that of Van Buren from 1837 to 1838; and from October, 1836, to March 4, 1837, acted also as Secretary of War. From 1838 to 1841 he was district attorney for the United States at Xew York City; in 1844 he was at the head of the Electoral College in Xew York; and from 1845 to 1848 he was again district attorney, having declined the position of Secretary of War in President Polk's Cabinet. He organized the de- partment of law in the College of the City of Xew York, and for some time was the principal professor. After 1848 lie devoted himself wholly to his private practice, and was engaged in sev- eral notable cases; but in 1858, owing to failing liealth, he visited Europe, and on Xovember 8 died in Paris. As a lawyer he was recognized as one of the foremost members of the Xew York bar, and practiced on equal terms with such men as Van Buren, Henry, Duer, Spencer, and X"elson. Chancellor Kent once said of him: ''The student, in pursuing his studies, is surprised to find in all his books such vast and various memoranda of the professional labors of this remarkable law- yer." In politics he was for the greater part of his life an enthusiastic Democrat, but, dis- approving of his party's attitude toward the Kansas-X'ebraska Bill and the repeal of the Mis- .*ouri Compromise, he joined the newly organized Hepublican Party in 1856 and voted for Fre- mont. A number of addresses delivered bv him before the Xew York Historical Society" were published under the title Outlines of the 'Consti- tutional History of yew York (1847). For a biographical sketch, consult Proceedings and Addresses on the Occasion of the Death of Ben- jamin F. Butler (X'ew York, 1859). BUTLER, Benjamin Franklin (1818-93). An American lawyer, politician, and general. He was bom in Deerfield, X. H., Xovember 5, 1818; graduated at Waterville College (now Colby University), Maine, in 1838; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1840, and began at Low- ell, ilass., a practice which soon became large and gave him a wide professional repute. He entered political life as a Democrat, was sent in 1853 to the State Constitutional Conven- tion and to the State Legislature, where he was instrumental in effecting the passage of a bill for reducing the hours of labor in factories from thirteen to eleven, and in 1859 was elected to the State Senate. He was a delegate to the Xational Democratic Convention at Charleston, S. C, in 1860, and to the subsequent convention at Baltimore, and was among those who with- drew from the latter. In the same year he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Mas- sachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he was a brigadier-general of the State militia. After taking possession of Annapolis he occupied Baltimore without opposition, and in May, 1861, was made a major-general of volunteers and put in connnand of the Depart- ment of Eastern Virginia, with headquarters at Fortress Monroe. While here he refused to surrender fugitive slaves who penetrated his lines, and in this connection issued his famous order designating slaves as 'contraband of war.' After taking some part in the operations against the coast forts of Xorth Carolina, he was sent, in the following spring, to Ship Island and up the Mississippi. Wlicn the expedition against Xew Orleans was org-anized he was placed in com- mand of the troops, and on May 1, 1862, after Farr.agut had run by Forts Jackson and Saint Philip, and had destroyed tlie Confederate fleet, Butler took possession of Xew Orleans, and in-