Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/808

* BUSHNELL. 7:J0 BIJSK. rious Sacrifice (1865). He was also a writer for various periodicals and newspapers. He was a bold and orij^inal thinker, uith peculiar elo- quence of style. Though strongly evangelical in belief, he denied the L'alvinistic theory of the atonement (known as the "satisfaction theory'), and gave less than the ordinary emphasis to the distinction between the persons in the Trinity. These, with other divergences, led to his being accused of heresy; but ultimately the fellowship of the Congregational churches was foiuid broad enough to include him, and he kejit his standing therein with growing inlluence until his death. During his later years his health compelled his relimiuishmcnt of the active pastorate, but his labors in authorship were unintermitted. While his theory of the atonement, the so-called 'moral- power' view, has not conmiended itself in its exact form to the majority of evangelical Chris- tians, and is adhered to by no organized sect or party, it cannot be denied that his moral earnest- ness, his spiritual power, his wondrous suggest- iveness, his brilliancy of thought and style, and his broad mental scope, have profoundly modified the thinking of the present age, through almost the whole circle of Protestant denominations. Indeed, with his detestation of all provincialism and sectarianism, be would have chosen any other form of influence rather than that which is e.xereised by the leader of a party in the Church. His select works appeared in a collected edition (8 vols., 1876-77). For his life, consult: M. B. Cheney, Life and Letters of Horace Bushnell (New York, 1880); T. T. Munger (Boston, 1899). BUSH-QUAIL (Anglo-Indian), See Bctton QlAII.. BUSHRANGERS. An Australian term origi- nally aiiplied to runaway convicts, who had taken to the 'bush' and become robbers. Early in the Nineteenth Century they established a reign of terror in sparsely settled Van Diemen's Land. In 1814 a band of bushrangers, 27 in number, carried on their operations till, in 1815, martial law was proclaimed. Under Governor Arthur (1824-36), 103 of these criminals were executed in two years. In 1830 a severe Bushranging Act was passed in New South Wales, where a gang of 50 desperadoes fought regular engagements with the settlers and police, and surrendered only when a detachment of soldiers was brought up from Sydney. In later years bushranging has been facilitated by the local land laws, which allow people to settle in isolated spots among the mountains, outside the range of police super- vision, and thus any scoundrel is permitted to choose the most remote haunt for his headquar- ters. The thickly wooded mountainous districts of eastern Victoria and New South Wales, with a cattle-dealing population that incluilcd numer- ous 'synii)athizers,' oli'ered shelter to many bush- rangers. Among the more notorious bushrangers were Geary, in 1817 leader of a dozen despera- does, who was hunted down and killed by sol- diers; Michael Howe, the self-styled 'King of the Kanges,' killed in 1818; Morgan, after a series of murders and robberies, surrounded and shot in 1865; and the Kelly gang of four armor-clad men whose list of outrages ended at (ilenrowan, Vic- toria, in June, 1880, when three were shot and the leader captured and hanged in :Melbourne in November. BUSH-TIT (titmouse of the bush). One of the diminutive titmice of the genus Psaltri- parus. They are plain ashy-gray or olive-gray pygmies, paler or whitish below, without bright colors or conspicuous markings, and are scarcely 4 inches long. They are found in the Western and Southwestern United States and in Mexico. The nests are large, woven of various vegetable tissues, pensile, and with a lateral entrance. The eggs are six to nine in number, white, without markings. BUSHWHACKER (bush + vhnrk. to beat or hang about : hence to carry on guerrilla war- fare). A term nuich in use during the Civil War in the United States (though well known before) to indicate men who pretended peace or neutral- ity, but who were ready to nuike secret attacks whenever opportunity offered. They were nu- merous in some Southwestern States, where many of them were stunmarily shot as outlaws. BUSHY RUN, B.iTTLE of. See Bouquet, 11e>ky. BUSINESS HOURS. Those hours of the day during which places of business are customarily open. The business hours of banks vary in dif- ferent places, but ordinarily cover a shorter 2)eriod tlian the business hours of mercantile or manufacturing establishments. When negotiable paper is payable at a bank, it is to be presented for payment within the regular banking hours. When payable at any other place of business, presentment is good if made within the ordinary business hours of such places. BUSIRANE, bu'si-ran'. A magician in Spenser's Faerie Queene. For a long time he holds Amoret, Belphoebe's sister and Sir Scuda- mour's mistress, in his thrall. He is named after a mythical King of Egypt, Busiris, who was killed by Hercules. BUSI'RIS (Gk. Boi/ffipis, 'House of Osiris'). A city of ancient Egypt devoted to the cult of the god Osiris. It was situated about the centre of Lower Egypt, and is usually identified with the modern Abusir, just south of the parallel of 31°. There were several cities of the same name in Egypt. Another Busiris, whose modern name is also Abusir, was situated not far from Memphis, and is well known for the pyramids in its vicinity. BUSK, George (1807-86). An English scien- tist, born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He studied surgery, in 183'2 was appointed assistant surgeon to the seamen's hospital ship Grampus, subsequently was transferred to the Dread- nauffht, and retired in 1855 with the rank of full surgeon. Subsequently he was occupied entirely with scientific pursuits. A^ the result of his earlier study he published his Catalogue of Poly- zoa in the British Museum (1852-54), and his monograph on I'olyzoa of the Crag (under the direction of the Paheontographical Society, 1859). Later he turned his attention to the Post-Tertiary nuunnuilia derived from valley deposits and bone caves, and wrote papers on the rhinoceros, the hyena, the elephas (African elephant), and the extinct bears. He was also interested in ethnology. In 1850 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1859 fellow of the Geological Society of London. .Vt the time of his death he was considered an authority on the lowest division of the moUuscan series.