Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/806

* BUSCHING. 718 BUSHIDO. BTJSCHING, JoHASN Gustav Gottlieb (ITSSIS^'.M- A German antiquary, son of the preceding, born in Berlin. He studied at Kr- laugen and Halle, was appointed royal archivist at Breslau in 1811. and in 1817 professor of ar- chjeolojrv in the University there. His knowledge of subjects appertaining to the Germany of the Middle Ages was remarkable. His works include a Sammliuui deul.schcr Liedcr, with musical ac- companiments (1807); Deutsche Gedichte des Mittelaltcrs (3 parts, 1808-25) : and Ves Deut- sche}! Lebcn. Kiinst, und Wissen im Mittelalter (4 vols., lSlG-18). BTJSCHMANN, bush'man, Johann Kakl Kd- UARD (1S0.5-S0). A German philologist, born at Magdeburg. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Gottingen. and collaborated with the brothers von Humboldt in the preparation of their works, particularly with Alexander in the Kosmos (1845-58). His researches in compara- tive philology were very important. They were directed chiefly toward the dialects of Malaysia and Polynesia and those of Central and North- western America. Many of the results of this work are to be found in the Kawisprache auf der Insel Java (3 vols., 1836-39) of W. von Hum- boldt, which, after Humboldt's death, Busch- mann completed and edited for the press. His own publications include Apergu de la latigue des lies Marquises et de la langue tattienne (1843) ; Uefter die aztekischen Ortsnamen (1853): Z>ie Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nordlichen Mexiko (1859) ; and Grammatik der sonorischen i^prachen (3 parts, 1864-69). BUSENBAUM, boo'zcn-boum, Hermaxn ( 160U-(iS I. A German Jesuit, known as a casuist. He was born at Notteln, in Westphalia, and entered the Jesuit order in 1619, taught scholas- tic and moral theology in Cologne, and was rector successively of Jesuit colleges in Hildesheim and Miinster. In 1645 he published his Medulla The- ologice Moralis, Facili ac Perspicua Methodo Re- solvens Casus Vonscieniice, in seven books. This ■work passed through forty-five editions between 1645 and 1670, and has "since been frequently reprinted. It met no considerable opposition until it appeared in 1729 in Lyons and in 1716-33 in Cologne, edited by Lacroix, with a commen- tary and supplementary material from other casuists. The long controversy over its teachings on regicide was altogether unwarranted by the text, for when sifted down, it simply meant the right of self-defense. It was publicly condemned by the Parliament of Paris, and burned by that of Toulouse. Although less bold in its declara- tions than some other Jesuit books, such as, for example, the Defensio Fidei (1613) of Francisco Suarez. it was the most complete and systema- tized in its exposition, and served as a type for siucceding treatises of the sort. BITSENTO, brio-sen'tt) (anciently. Lat. Buccii- tius). A small stream in South Italy, which flows into the Crati at Cosenza (q.v.), and in the bed of which Alarie (q.v.) is said to have been buried, the stream having been temporarily turned aside from its channel in order to provide a secret grave. BTJSH, George (1796-1859). An American biblical scholar, born in Norwich, Vt. He grad- uated at Dartmouth College in 1818 and studied at the Princeton Theological Seminary from 1820 to 1822. He was pastor of a church in Indianapolis from 1824 to 1829, and was profes- sor of Hebrew and Oriental literature at the Uni- versity of the City of New York from 1831 to 1848. Among his works of that period were a Life of Mohammed (1832) ; a series of biblical commentaries under the title of yotes on Genesis, Exodus, etc. (1840-52); and Anastasius; or the Doctrine of the Resurrection (1844), in which he denied the existence of a material body in a future life. He embraced the doctrines of Swe- denborg in 1847, and became editor of the Xew Church Repository. For his biography, consult Fernald (Boston, 1860). BTJSHBUCK (Dutch hoschhok, bush-goat). A sportsman's name for several African antelopes frequenting bushy regions, especially two groups: ( 1 ) The genus Tragelaphus, otherwise known as "harnessed' antelopes because of the often conspic- uous vertical whitish stripes that characterize all except the most familiar bushbuck of South Africa, Trayelaphus sylruticus (See colored Plate of Antelopes), which is also one of the smallest. These are among the handsomest of all antelopes in form and richness of color (which differs in the sexes), and they have been nearly exterminated by sportsmen south of the lake region. Another, the guib (Tragelaphus scrip- ius), is not larger than a goat, but the bongo of the equatorial west coast is 3 feet 7 inches tall ; the nakong ( Tragelaphus Spekei ) is large and plain in color, and has a mane. (Compare Koodoo. ) A very complete account of these ante- lopes was given by R. Crawshaw in the Proceed- ings of the Zoi'dogical Society of London. 1890. He says they are remarkablv quick of hearing, and have an exceedingly loud and far- resounding bark. Leopards are their natural enemy, but in some regions they enjoy immunity from harm by men. "They are almost sure to be found in the native burial-places, which are grown up to thickets and avoided as ghost-haunted., . . This fact has caused bushbucks to be regarded by many Nyassa natives as uncannj'. an<l some na- tives will not eat their meat and do not like even to touch the skin." (2) The genus Cephalo- lophus. Sec Duiker. BTISH-DOG. (1) A small wild dog [Icti- cyon renaticus) of the Guiana highlands, "with close hair and short legs and tail, distinguished from all other dogs by its small size and by the reduction of the molar teeth to one in the upper jaw." It resembles a fox in appearance and hunts in packs. Consult: Proceedings of the Zoological Societi/ of London (1879, p. 604: 1880. p. 70); Field (London, Feb. 21, 1880). (2) Tlie potto. BtrSHEL (OF. hus.'iel. Low Lat. iu-isellus, from bussuld. dim. of Lat. buxus, box: literally, something made of boxwood). A dry measure used in America for grain, fruit, etc. The quarter contains 8 bushels, and the bushel 8 gallons, the gallon measuring 277.274 cubic inches, and hold- ing 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water. BUSH-GOAT. A bushbuck (q.v.). BUSH-HOG. The bosch-vark or river-hog. Sec Swim;. BUSHIDO, boo-shO'do (literally bti, military -f shi, knight -f do. way). The precepts of knighthood, under which that unique figure in Japanese and Asian history, the Samurai (q.v.), was reared. -s in Europe, chivalry grew out of feudalism. Christianity interjireting it with coa-