Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/767

BURGESS. and was educatetl at Brown University, at the (jeneral I'lieologifal Seminary, Xew York City, and at O.xford. After his ordination to the priesthood, lie was successively in charge of Grace Church, Amherst, Mass.. from 187S to 1883; Christ Church, Pomfret, Conn., from 188.3 to 1S89: at Bala, from 188!) to 1S9G: Christ Church, Detroit, from ISHti to 1898; and Grace Church. Brooklyn. In 190-i he was made Bishop of the diocese of Long Island.

BURGESS, George (1S09-66). First Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of Maine. He was born in Providence, K. I., graduated at Brown l"nivcrsity in IS'26, and afterwards studied in Germany. In 1.S34 he became rector of Christ Church. Hart- ford, Conn., and in 1847 was chosen Bishop of ilaine, ofliciating also as rector of Christ Church in Gardiner. He went to Hayti to restore his health, but died there. He published Pages from the Ecclesiastical History of Xetv England (1847); The Last Enemi/ ('oiiqiieriiifi mid Con- yuered (18.50) ; sermons; and a metrical version of the Psalms. Consult Memoir, bv his brother, A. Burgess (Philadelphia, 1869)."

BURGESS, .James (1832—). A Scottish archaeologist, bom in Kirkmahoe. He was edu- cated in Glasgow and Edinburgh, went to India in 1855, and in 1873 was appointed director of the archaeological survey of Western India. From 1886 to 1889 he was director-general of the arehseological surveys of India. He was for some time fellow of the University of Bombay, and founded the Indian Antiijuary. He pub- lished numerous valuable works, including The Temples of tihatrunjaya (1869) ; The Rock Tem- ples of Elephanta (1871); Scenery and Archi- tecture in Gujarat and Uajputana (1873) ; The Cave Temples of India (with James Fergusson, 1880); and The Gandhara Sculptures (1899). His writings are also to be found in the Epi- yraphia Indica (of which he was an editor) and in the Archa:ological Reports (1874-87), on the cave temples of India. He was also engaged to contribute to the volume on the (Jraphic Art of India in Biihler's Grundriss, or Enryclopccdia of Indo-Aryan Research (Strassburg, 1890, et seq.).

BURGESS, John William (1844 — ). An American educator and waiter on history and political science. He was born at Cornersville, Tenn., and studied at Cumberland University, and afterwards at Amherst College. Mass., where he graduated in 1867. He then turned his at- tention to law, and was admitted to the Massa- chusetts bar in 1809, but did not practice, and for two years was professor of English literature and political economy in Knox College. Hesubse- quently devoted two years to study in Gottingen, Leipzig, and Berlin, and upon his return (1873) became professor of historj- and political sci- ence at Amherst. In 1876 he accepted a similar position in Columbia College, where he also lectured on international law. Later, his title was changed to professor of political science and constitutional law, and in 1890 he became dean of the faculty of political science. He has published a valuable treatise entitled Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law ( 1890) ; The Middle Period of United States His- tory (1897) ; I'hc Civil War and the Constitu- tion (2 vols., 1001); Reconstruction arid the Constitution (1902).

BURGESS, Neil (1840—). An American comedian, born in Boston. Early in his career an accident turned his attention wholly to per- sonating female cliaracters. An elderly actress was taken suddenly ill one evening just before the curtain rose, and Burgess hastily assumed her part. The quaint humor he put into the work produced a sensation, and he decided to make a specialty of female roles. Josinh Allen's Wife was written for him, but his greatest suc- cess was doubtless in Widouy licdott, in which he first appeared in Providence, in 1879, and at Haverly's, Xew York, the year following. im, an old play of his under a new name, was pro- duced at the Bijou Opera House, New Y'ork, in 1883, and became very popular. In 1880 he pro- duced The County Fair, a play that had a suc- cessful run of more than two years in New York theatres, and has been widely repeated. He has also, in recent years, been engaged in vaudeville. Consult Clapp and Edgett, Players of the Pres- ent, Dunlap Soc. Pub. (New Y'ork, 1899).

BURGH, berg, Scot. pron. bur'r6, or BOROUGH I AS. burh, Goth, bourys, Ger. liiiry, probably from AS. bcoryan, Goth, huirgan, Ger. bergen, to protect). A term confined chiefly to Scotch towns and cities incorporated in a man- ner similar to those of English boroughs. There were originally four classes of burghs: Royal burghs, burghs of barony, burghs of regality, and free burghs. The first derived their cor- porate powers from a grant of the Crown; the second from that of a baron, temporal or spir- itual; the third were originally burghs of barony, but by special royal grant had their powers greatly increased; the fourth, to which class all burghs of onr day practically belong, originally asserted their own corporate freedom and were in general free from the great burdens of taxation, etc., common to the other forms of burghs.

BURGH, HuPERT DE. See Hubert de Burgh.

BURGHER, burg'er, and ANTI-BURGH- ER. In some burghs of Scotland the following oath was exacted of all who would become bur- gesses : ''Here I protest before God and your lordships, that I profess, and allow with all my heart, the true religion presently professed within this realm, and authorized by the laws thereof; I shall abide thereat, and defend the same to my life's end; renouncing the Koman religion called papistrj'." In 1747 the Synod of the Secession Church of Scotland divided upon the construction to be put ujion the words, "The true religion presently professed.' Some held that they referred to the ^Established Church of Scotland, which they all considered so corrupt that they had separated from her; consequently to take the oath was tantiunount to pledging themselves to support what they could not in con- science sujjport; accordingly these persons re- fused to take this oath. They formed the General Associate Synod, but were ])opularly called the Anti-burghers. The others held that the words meant no more than the Protestant religion. These formed the Associate Synod, and were ]ioi)ularly called the Burghers. Both bodies still further disintegrated. In 1799 the Constitu- tional Associate Presbytery was formed out of the Anti-burghers, and its adherents were called the Old Light Anti-burghers; in 1806 the Original Burgher Presbytery was made out of the Burghers, and its adherents called Old Light Burghers. Those who opposed each party were called New Lights.