Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/766

BURGER. lilarity to this day, and his poems have appeared in many editions. His collected works were edited by his friend Reinaid (4 vols., ITOti). He was introduced to Kiislisli readers in TVi7- iiam and Helen (177.J). Waller Scott's version of Lenore. The elder Dumas translated Leiiorc into French. Burger's imagination was fresh and naive, but it was not ricli or sustained. His taste was more elegant than delicate: his style was studied, though clear and forcible. The moral tone of his poems, virile and almost uniformly noble, contrasts strangely with that of his life. His qualities were those which com- mand po])ular favor, and his defects tho.se which the majority of readers readily condone. His place in Cierman letters is apparently secure.

BURGER, buTTr'ger, .Toh.n (1820- A Swiss engraver, born at Burg, in the Canton of Aargau. He was a pu])il of Suter at Zofingen, and from 1850 to 1S.") of Thiiter at the Jlunich Academy, and engraved as his first plate "The Stoning of Saint Stephen," after Schraudolph. His further works include "Lady Macbeth" (1858), after Cornelius: three plates illustrat- ing scenes from the life of Saint Bonifacius, after Hess; and ''Aurora" (1887), after Guido Reni.

BURGER, LuDWiG (1825-84). A German painter and illustrator, born in Cracow. He studied at the Berlin Academy, and was a pupil of Couture in Paris. His drawings include il- lustrations for the works of La Fontaine and a series of plates, entitled Die Kanone (1866-67). He executed some fine interior decorations, in particular those for the city-hall of Berlin.

BURGERS, boor'gfrs, Tiio>(as Francois (1834-81). A President of the former Trans- vaal Republic. He was born in Cape Colony, of an old Dutch family, was educated at the L'ni- versity of Utrecht, Holland, and became a min- ister of the Dutch Reformed Church at Hanover, Cape Colony. He was an ehKiuent preacher, but his rationalistic views brought upon him a trial for heresy, in which, however, he was acquitted. In 1872 he was elected President of the Transvaal Republic by the Liberals, succeeding Preto- rius, and continued in olhee until the annexation of the republic by the British in 1877. His Presi- dential policy was characterized by brilliant hut impracticable schemes, aiming chietly at terri- torial expansion.

BURGES, l)ur'jes, Tristram (1770-1853). An American politician. He was born in Rochester, Mass., and in 1700 graduated at Brown Universi- ty. He became one of the leaders of the Federal Party, was Chief Justice of Rhode Island, and from 1815 to 1825 was a professor in Brown Uni- versity. He then served in Congress from 1825 to 1835. where he favored a protective tariff, and attracted attention by his brilliant replies to the abuse heaped upon New England by John Ran- dolph. Consult Bowan, Memoirs of Tristan Bur- yes (Providence, 1835).

BURGESS (OF. burgeis, Fr. bourgeois, Med. Lat. biirgcnsis. from burgh, town, borough). A citizen or freeliolder in a municipality: one en- titled to full rights of citizensliip from his po- sition as a householder or tra<lcsman, and duly enrolled as such on what is known as the 'free- man's roll.' The word in time came to moan, in some places, chief magistrate of a community, and it is still used in that sense to-day in the towns of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, where the borough is a distinct political division. The first American representative legislative body was the 'House of Burgesses" of 'irginia, which was called together l)v the Governor of the Col- ony in loll). Jt consisted of two delegates from each of the 11 settlements embraced in his juris- diction. The name was continued until about the time of the Revolution, as also in Jlaryland. The word has also been used in England to de- note a member of Parliament returned from a borough, in contradistinction to a shire or county niomber. See BoBOlGH.

BURGESS, Alexander (1819-1901). An American Protestant Episcopal divine. He was born in Providence, R. I., and graduated at Brown L'niversity (1838), and at the General Theological Seminary, New York (1841). He held reotoratcs in Augusta, 'Me., from 1843 to 1854; Portland, Ale., from 1854 to 1807; Brook- lyn, N. Y., from 1807 to 1809; and Springfield, ilass., from ISO!) to 1878. Upon the formation of the diocese of Quincy, 111., he was consecrated as its first bishop, Jlay 15, 1878. He also served as a deputy of the General Convention of the Episco- pal Church from 1844 to 1877, representing the dioceses of Maine, Long Island, and Massachu- setts.

BURGESS, (1848-91). An American yacht-designer, born in West Sandwich, Mass. He was educated at Harvard, graduating in 1871, and became secretary of the Boston Society of Natural History, in which capacity he edited the publications of the society. In 1879 he became instructor in entomology' at Haevard, remaining until 1883. Financial reverses caused him to turn his attention to naval architecture, especially as to yachts. From his designs the Puritan was built, which proved the best American yacht, and easily defeated the Genesta (English) in the races for the America's cup in 1885. In 1886 his Mai/flower easily led in the race with the English Galatea. In 1888 his fishing schooner Carrie E. Phillips distanced four competitors in the Fishermen's race held in Boston Harbor. His Volunteer won the America's cup against the Thistle, the special product of British genius, in the international races of 1887. His other yachts included the Mariquita, Minerva, and Gossoon, all of them remarkably swift sailing craft.

BURGESS. (1806—). An American humorous author and artist in the grotesque. born in Boston, Mass. He graduated in 1887 at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, from 1887 to 1890 was a draughtsman on the Southern Pacific Railway, and in 1891-94 was instructor in topographical drawing at the University of California. He was a designer front 1894 to 1895, and then established in San Francisco a fantastic periodical dubbed The I, ark, which in 1897 expired with an Fpilark. This he followed by other ephemeral magazines. Since that time he has been a familiar contributor to English and American publications. He is the author and illustrator of such delightfully whimsical works as The Purple Cow (1897); The Lark .Mmanac (1898) ; The Nonsense Almanac ( 1898) ; Goops and How to Be Them ( 1900) ; and .4 Gage of Youth (1901).

BURGESS, Frederick (18.53—). An American clergyman. He was born in Providence, R. I.,