Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/753

* BUNGAY. 671 BUNION. contemporary works as "'a frreat scholar and a niaffieian (but not to be conipareil with Krypr Bacon)." He was a firont friend of tlic hitter philosopher, and is reputed to have aided him in making the fabulous 'Brazen Head,' which spoke only the words "Time is! Time was! Time is past!" and then broke in pieces. Another story has it that Bungay and the great German necromancer Vandermast contested together for supremacy, and were snatched away to other realms by the devil. Robert Greene wrote a play called after him, in 1594, and in T)ic Last of the Haron.i Bulwer introdu(es him as a union of necromancer, 'Merry Andrew.' and friar. Bungay wrote several works in Latin. BUNGE, boong'e, Alexander vox (1803-90). A Russian traveler and botanist. He was born in Kiev, and was edvicated at the Univereity of DorpaK His extensive and important travels through Asia (18'2fl-'29) with Ledebour are re- corded in the work entitled Karl Friedrich von Lcdebours Rcisc diirrh das Altaigcbiffic imd die dsungarischc Kii'iiscnstcppe (1829). In 1830 be accompanied a missionary expedition to China a-- naturalist, and later published the re- sults of bis botanical investigation on the steppe of Gobi and in the environs of Peldn in the works entitled Eniimcratio Plaiitarum Quas in China Boreali CoUegit (1831) and I'hintarum Mongholico Chinensium Dccas I. (183.5). He was appointed professor of botany and director of the botf.nical garden at Dorpat in 1836. BUNGE, Friedrich Georg von (1802-97). A German legal historian, born in Kiev, and educated at the University of Dorpat, where, in 1831, he was appointed professor of law. Bunge was the editor of several periodicals, and pub- lished a large number of works on the laws of Livonia, Esthonia, and Courland, on which sub- ject he was probably the greatest authority of his day. His principal writings include: For- schtitigcn ntif dvm Oebiete d<r Liv-, Esth- und Kiirlandischen Rechtsgesrhirhte (1838) and Das Liv- und Esthlandischf Privatrecht (2 pts., 1847). BUNGE, XiKOL.i Khri.sti. ovitch ( 1823- 93). A Russian political economist. He was born in Moscow, and was educated at the imiver- sity in that city. In 1881 he was appointed assistant to the ilinister of Finance, Abaza, and in 1882 he succeeded him. The condition of the Russian finances at this time was extremely un- favorable. The war debt of 1877 had not been paid, the deficit in the national exchequer had steadil}' increased, and the paper currency had di- minished in value. Xevertbeless Bunge succeeded in establishing important reforms. He increased the national prosperity by abrogating the poll- tax and the tax on salt, by establishing agrarian banks in order to facilitate the acquisition of land by the peasantry, and by enacting various other measures tending to improve the condition of the rural population. His works, which are written in Russian, are devoted principally to a discii>>iiMi cif current economic questions. BUNGEN, boong'en (Ger., to drum). The 'drumless' or 'silent' street in Hamelin, down which the Pied Piper is supposed to have led the children. In this street dancing and playing were forbidden; even processions were obliged to interrujit the music while passing through it. BUNGERT, bwng'ert, Aigi.st (1840-). A German musician, born in iliilhcim, Rhenish Prussia. His masters were Kufferrath, Matbias, and Kiel, and he also studied in the Cologne and Paris conservatories. By many German musi- cians he has been regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Wagnerian school, but his tril- ogy based on the Homeric poems, and written directly on Wagnerian lines, seems not to have reached the spirit and significance of the modeL His songs, however, are among the modern mas- terpieces of that kind of music. The two great opera cycles he has worked on include Die Ilias, comprising Achilles and Klytemnestra, and Die Udyssce (1896), including Kirke, A'n usifcao, Odgsseus' Heimkchr (performed in Berlin in 1898), and Odysseus' Tod. There is an overture for each of these divisions; the entire work is en- titled Homerische ^Velt. His other compositions include the comic opera Die Studenteii von Sala- manca (1884); a symphonic poem, Auf der Wartburg ; Hohes Lied der Liebe; Alccrlieder; and Liedcr einer Kunigin. BU'NIAS. A genus of plants of the natural order CruciferiP, distinguished by incumbent linear, spirally twisted cotyledons (q.v.), and a nut-like silicule (or round pod) with two to four cells. The few known species are mainly natives of Sovitheastern Europe and the Levant, but several are reported indigenous to France. Bunias orientulis. introduced into Western Eu- rope, is grown as a forage crop, and in some regions has escaped from cultivation. In Russia it is also used as a vegetable. Although a hardy plant, its cultivation is not general. The amount of herbage is small, and, on account of its hairy covering, is not readily eaten by cattle. It is sometimes called hill-mustard. BUNION (It. bugnone, knob, OF. bugne, swelling, from Icel. bunga, elevation). A term applied in surgery to an enlarged bursa, or syno- vial sac, situated over the metatarsal joint of the first or the fifth toe (see Foot), and accompanied by more or less distortion of the joint. In the great majority of cases bunions are directly pro- duced by the pressure of badlj' fitting boots ; and if the boots are of patent leather, or any mate- rial which stops the e.vcreting action of the skin, this, too, may be regarded as an indirect cause of their formation. A bunion begins as a pain- ful and tender spot over one of the metatarso- phalangeal joints; the part gradually enlarges, and there are indications of an efl'usion into a natural bursa or a newly formed sac. The progress of the affection may stop here, the bursa remaiiaing, and serving to protect the subjacent corn develops on the summit of the bunion, or suppuration results, with great suffering. Thick- ening of the periosteum may result in enlarge- ment of the articular ends of the bones and per- manent deformity. In its early stage the treatment must be palliative. Pressure must be removed and wet dressings applied. If pus forms, the swelling must be incised. Ulceration must be treated as any similar wounds (q.v.), and internal sup- portive and tonic treatment is necessarJ^ Ex- cision of diseased bone or even amputation maj l)e required. The ulcers resulting from the burst- ing of a bunion are very difficult to heal in old persons whose circulation is languid. Stimulat- ing local a])plication such as ointment of resin should be applied, while stimulants should lie prescribed for internal use, together with nour-
 * iarts from pressure: but far more frequently a