Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/750

* BtTLWEK-LYTTON. 668 BUMBLEBEE. (1838); The Last of the Barons (1843), by far his most solid aohievement in liistorical Hetion; Harold (1848) ; and I'aiisaiiius the Ifpar- tan (187G). Komance was cssaved in The Pil- grims of the Rhine (1834) ; Zaitoni (1842) ; The Haunted and the Haunters (1859), a capital ghost storv: and .1 i^tranr/c Stonj (18G2) and The Coming Race (1871). With the oiities Bul- ver has never found much favor. His work pos- sesses none of the art of the great cniftsmen and it is affected in sentiment and style. But in spite of these faults, which were often pointed out hy his reviewers, Bulwer gained the attention ot the puhlic at largo, and still holds it. The Caxtons and The Coming Race, though published anonymously to test the public, were as well received as any of the other novels. Bulwer's continued popularity rests upon the fact that he had something to say that is still of interest. His manner is wisely overloqked. Consult: Life. Letters and Literary Remains of Edirard Bulwer, by his son, the Earl of Lytton (London, 1883), containing the fragment of a poetic autobiog- ri'phv: and the biographies by Cooper (London, 1873') and ton Brink ( Leyden; 1882). BULWER-LYTTON, Edward Robert. See Lytton. )m)w.rd Korert Bi'lwer. BULWER, bijl'wer, Willi.m Henry Lytton E.RLE, Baron Dalling and Bulwer (1801-72). An English diplomat and author, familiarly known for years as Sir Henry Bulwer. He was born in London, February 13. 1801. a descendant of illustrious families on both sides, and was edu-. cated at Sunbury. Harrow, and Cambridge. In 1822 he published his first literary work, re- markable tor its ijrojihetic dedication to his younger brother, Edward Lytton Buhver. In 1824, as agent for the London Greek conuuittee, with a large amount of money consigned to Prince JIavrocordato. he made an adventurous journey to Jlorea. which he dcscril)ed in An Aulunin in Greece (182. He entered the army, but abandoned it for the diplomatic service, and from 1827 was attached successively to the Brit- ish embassy at Berlin, Brussels, and The Hague, acquiring a brilliant reputation. In 1H30 he en- tered I'arliament as an advanced Liberal, and in 1837 became secretary of embassy at Constanti- nople, where he negotiated aiul concluded a treaty which is the foundation of (ireat Britain's com- mercial system in the East. In 1843 he was made Minister Plcnii)otentiary to the Court of Madrid, and concluded the j)eace between Spain and Morocco in the following year. While in Spain his firnuiess and candor proved inconve- nient to Xarvaez, the Spanish soldier-dictator, who, accusing him of plotting against the Span- ish Government, ordered him to leave Madrid, May 19, 1848. Parliament apjiroved of Bul- wer's conduct, and he was awarded the highest decorations of the Order of the Bath. In 1849- .52 he was Minister at Wasliington, where he negotiated the Clayton-Buhver treaty in 1850. (.See Clayton, Joun .Middi.eton.) In 1852 he went to Tuscany as Knvoy Kxiraordinary, and in 1850 was nominated commissioner at Bucharest for investigating the state of the Danubian prin- cipalities. He was appointed .Vmbassador to the Porte in 1858, and helil the position until lS(i5. In 1871 he was created Lord Dalling and Biilwer. He died in Naples May 23, 1872. His works include France, Social, Literary, and Political (London, 1835-36); a Life of Byron (1835); Historical Characters (1808-70); and an unfin- ished I. iff of Palmerston (1870-74). BUM'BLE. A fat. pompous beadle in Dick- ens's Olitcr Tu'-ist. After terrorizing the starved denizens of the workhouse for many years, he 'sells himself to the matron of that jjlace, Mrs. Cornish, for "six teaspoons, a pair of sugar- tongs, and a milk pot; with a small quantity of second-hand furniture and twenty ])(nnids in money," and is terrorized by her himself. From his character, the word 'Bumbledom' sprang into couunon use, being csjiecially taken up in Punch, in tlic caricatvires by Leech and Tenniel. BUMBLEBEE, or HriiiiLEBEE. One of the social bees of the genus Bombus. It has a thick and very hairy body, the hairs often arranged in colored bands; and differs from the honey-bees in having the tibia; of the hinder legs terminated by two spines. The species are numerous and are found in almost all parts of the world, from the equator to the utmost polar limits of vegetation, but they seem to abound most of all in tem- perate climates. None is to be found in Aus- tralia and New Zealand, so that it was necessary to acclimatize these bees in those countries before clover could be successfully grown there, since that plant depends upon this kind of bees for fer- tilization. Consult Insect Life, Vol. IV. (Wash- ington, 1891 ). (See Cro.ss-Fertiuzation.) The form ot the name 'humblebee,' conimonh- hoard in Great Britain, is a nuidification of hu)ninel, or hunimer-hee, and, like our 'bumblebee,' refers to the loud droning sound produced partly by the wings, but mainly within the trachea; of "these insects. Bumblebees do not form communities so large as those of honey-bees, seldom more than two or three hundred occupying one nest, and in some species not more than fifty or sixty. The females are nuich less ])r(dific than those of honey-bees. The community is dissolved on the approach of winter, since males and wcukers die, and only females remain in a torpid state — among moss, in rotten wood, or in some other situation where they may enjoy protection from frost, and eonceahnent from enemies — to per- petuate the race by foujuling new communities in the ensuing spring. A fertile female selects for a nest a hollow log or cavity among stones, or some deserted mouse-nest or other hole in sod. Then she procures a mass of pollen and honey, and in the mixture deposits a few eggs. The first brood consists entirely of workers. When some workers aie matured, the fertile female aban- dons the collection of pollen and confines her- self to the duties of egg-laying. The workers collect the food, assist the young out of their cococms, and enlarge the nest to meet the needs of the increasing numbers of the C(dony. The workers build ruilc waxon cells, but without the orderly arrangement of those of the honey-bee. (For picture of nests and eggs, see Plate of Wii.n Bees.) Workers are chiefly produced in the earlier part of the season, males and perfect females in the latter part of it. The females are larger than the males and workers. Bumblebees diiter from honey-bees in that their females e.xist together in the same comnumity without seeking to ilestroy one another. There is among them nothing analogous to swarming. Their combs do not exhibit the beautiful regularity of structure which characterizes those of the honey-bees; but cells of a comparatively coarse appearance are