Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/747

* BULL RUN. 665 BULOW. eral army of about 70,000, under General Pope. While Pope, at the head of the Army of Vir- ginia and a larpe part of the Army of the Po- tomac, was facing Lee along the line of the Rap- pahannock, Jackson, by a forced march, at- tained his rear through Thoroughfare Gap, with a force of about 25.000, and destroyed (August 20) the Federal supplies and munitions of war at Manassa.s and Bristow stations. Pope then turned, and on August 28 faced .Tackson near Bull Run, but delayed his attack for a day, and at 10 A.M. on the 29th, I^e and Longstreet, hav- 8ECOXD BATTLE OF BULL RUN. ing passed through Thoroughfare Gap almost unopposed, effected a junction with Jackson. At 3 P.M. Hooker, under Pope's orders, made the first serious attack on Jackson, but was driven back with considerable loss. Subsequently Kearny and McDowell also attacked, with some- what more success. Meanwhile Porter, on the Federal left, had held Longstreet in check, though Pope, who did not know of the Confed- erate reenforcenient, had-expected him to attack Jackson in Hank and rear. At the close of the day each siile claimed a victory. This first day's fighting is sometimes called the battle of Groveton, from the small village which formed the centre of Jackson's position. At noon on the 30th Pope ordered ilcDowell, Porter, and Heintzelman "forward in pursuit of the enemy." Their attack w'as repulsed with great loss, and Longstreet, by a counter-attack, gradually forced the Federal army off the field. Pope, cross- ing Bull Run, took up a position at Centrcville during the night of the' 30th, and on Septem- ber 1st withdrew to the defenses about Washing- ton, fighting the battle of Chantilly (q.v.) en route. The Federal loss, though never accu- rately determined, was about 14,500, while that of the Confederates was about ft.iOO. The battle closed Pope's campaign, by forcing his army back upon Washington, and enabled Lee to take the aggressive and invade JIaryland. (Sec Antietam, BATTI.E OF.) By the Confederates it was called the Second Battle of ilanassas. Con- sult: Official Rccordi, Vol. XII. (Washington, ISSfi) ; Ropes. Story of the Civil liar (2 vols.. New York, 1804-98), and The Arm;/ Under I'ope (New York, 1881) ; Cox, The Second Battle of Jliill Hun (Cincinnati, 1882) : and Buel and Johnson (editors). The Buttles and headers of the Civil War (4 vols., New York, 1887). BULLS AND BEARS. A common designa- tion in the stmk markets for two classes of operators, the "bulls' being those who seek to advance prices, and the 'bears' those who en- deavor to bring them down. A fanciful deriva- tion of the term is that a bull tosses up with his horns, while a bear tears down with his claAvs. BULL-SNAKE. See Pine-Snake. BULL-TERRIER. A cross-breed between the bulldog and some terrier. See Terrier. BULL-TROUT. (1) A salmon-like trou.t {Salmo trutta) of northern Europe. (See Salmon.) (2) The Dolly Varden trout. See Thoi T. BULMER, bul'mer, Valentine. In Scott's Saint llonan's Well, the pretended Earl of Heth- erington, who enters into a clandestine mar- riage with Clara Mowbray and attempts to rob Francis Tyrrel, Jhe real earl, of the jjroofs of his identity. He is finally shot by the deceived wom.'in's lirother. BULNES, bnoFnus, Manuel (1799-18G6). A Chilean statesman, born in Concepcion. At the age of sixteen he was imprisoned as a revolu- tionist by the Spanish authorities, but was soon released, and in 1818 joined the army of San ^Martin (q.v.) under whom he served as colonel throughout the Chilean Revolution. After a continuous warfare of three years (1820-23), he accomplished the temporary conquest of the Araucanian Indians. He was appointed briga- dier-general in 1831 ; commanded the Chilean army sent in 1838 against General Santa Cruz in Peru; and, after taking Lima and winning the battles of Huarez and Puente del Bunin, com- bined his forces with those of Ganiarra and de- feated Santa Cruz at Pan de Azflcar (January 19, 1839), thus putting an end to the confedera- tion between Peru and Bolivia. In rec-ognilion of his services he was appointed lieutenant-gen- eral and created Marshal of Ancaeho. After- wards he served for two successive terms (1841- 45, 1840-50) as President of Chile, and by his firm and able administration greatly contribut- ed to the prosperity of the country. BULOW, bulo, Bernhaed, Count von (1849 — ). A German statesman, bom at Klein-Flott- beck, Holstein. He studied in Lausanne. Leip- zig, and Berlin, served in the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1874 entered the Gernuin Foreign OtTice. He became secretary of legation at Rome, Saint Petersbiirg, and Vienna, was charge d'affaires at Athens during the important period of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, and was appointed a secretary at the Berlin Congress. After further diplomatic service in Paris and Saint Petersburg he was sent as Minister to Rumania in 1888. and as Ambassador to Italy in 1893. In 1897 he was appointed Foreign Secretary, and in 1899 concluded with Spain the treaty by which Germany acqiiired possession of the Caroline. Pelew. and Ladrone islands. He became Chancellor of Uie (Jermau Empire and Prime Minister of Prussia in 1900. His policy !!as been one of imperial expansion. BULOW, Dietrich .Adam Heinrick, Baron (1757-1807). A German military historian, born at Falkenberg. Prussia, and educated at the military school in Berlin. In 1792 he came to America, where several years aftervards he