Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/746

* BULLION. 664 BULL RUN. some of the monetarj' purposes of coined gold when it is used as a reserve for note issues. The act of ilarch 3, 1803, which authorized the issue of gold certificates, provided that they could he issued apiinst either j;old coin or bullion de- jiosited in the treasury of the United States, which, on June 30, 1!)1. in aggrc-jate gold liold- ings of $405,000,000, held .$109,000,000 in bars. In the same way the great national banks of Europe, which, like the United States treas- ury, are storehouses from which gold can be drawn for exportation, hold a portion of this reserve in bars. For international sliipments gold bars possess certain advantages over coin, and a large part of the gold shipped from the United States is in this form, in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, $43,658,107 were ex- ported. See PrKCIOL'S ilET^VLS. BULLION STATE. Missouri. See States, Popular Xaj[es of. BXJLLOCK, bul'lok, Alexander Hamilton (1810-82). An American politician. He was born in Royalston, JIass. : graduated at Amherst College in 1830, studied at tle Harvard Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and practiced law in U'orcester. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1845 to 1S47, and again from 1861 to 1805, and was its Speaker during the latter period. He was also a member of the State Senate in 1849. Besides holding several judicial offices, he was flavor of Worcester in 1859, and Governor of Massachusetts in 1866-08. BULLOCK, RvFUS Brown (1834 — ). An American ))olitieian. He was born in Bethlehem, X. v., but in early life went to Augusta, tia., to organize the Southern Express Company. Dur- ing the Civil War he served as acting assistant quartermaster-general in the Confederate Army, and in 1867 he was a delegate to the State Consti- tutional Convention. In ISOS he was elected Governor of Georgia. Soon afterwards the col- ored members were expelled from both Houses of the Legislature, ajid (Tovernor Hulloekappealod to Congress to restore them to their seats. The next legislative election, however, broight in such a large majority opposed to the reconstruc- tion policy that he resigned his olliee. Since then he has been president of the Macon and Augusta Railroad, president of the Atlanta Cotton Mills and of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and Government director of the Union Pacific Rail- road. BULLOCK, William A. (1813-07). An .Vmerican inventor. He was born at Greenville, X. Y., and early h^arned the trade of iron-founder and machinist. About 1855 he went to Xew York City, where he constructed a fast press on the planetary system for an illustrated weekly. The remarkable success of this invention encouraged him to perfect a printing-press embodying in one machine automatic adjustment and feeding, 'per- fecting,' as printing on both sides is called, at a high rate of speed. Thus was invented the web ])erfecting press, capable of turning otit 30,000 newspapers, cut apart and folded, within an hour. While engaged in setting up a new press in Philadelpliia, -Mr. Unllock was acci- dentally caught in the main driving-belt and sus- tained injuries which caused his death. BULLOCK'S-HEART. Sec Custari)-.pple. BULL RUN, First Battle of. Ihe first important battle of the Civil AVar. It was fought on Sunday, July 21, 1801, near a small stream of this name, in northeast Virginia, about 30 miles southwest of Wasliiuo^tcui, be- tween a Federal army tnider General JuDowell, and a C<mfederate army under Generals Beaure- gard and Johnston. On each side the troojjs were green, poorly drilled, and wholly inexperi- enced. The Federal right, under Himter, liegan the battle at 10 a.m. by a Hank attack, and, supported by the centre under Tyler, drove the Confederate left before it until stopped, while ascending a slope, by a brigade under .Jackson, who here earned the sobriquet •Stonewall.' '/'^ tl /HOO/li POSITION OF OPPOSING FORCES OS JCLV 20, 1S«1. After several stubborn attacks JIcDowell final- ly (about 3 P.M.) gained the disputed ground, and held it for an hour; but a Confederate re- (■nforcement having arrived, Johnston, who had been posted in the rear of the Confederate lines, suddenly attacked in force, and drove the Fed- eral troops in great confusion, first from their position, and then from the field. The defeat be- came a rout and then a panic, and the troops Hed in wild disorder, reaching Washingttm in a state of utter demoralization. The Confederates, dis- organized almost as much by victory as the Federals were by defeat, made no attempt at pursuit. McDowell had at his dis|)osal about 'Jn.OOO men, and Johnston about 28,000. though the number actuallv eiiiraged wa.s oiilv about 18,000 on each side," of which the Federals lost, in killed, wounded, and captured or missing, about 2800; the Confederates about 2000. The battle caused great consternation in the Xorth and great enthusiasm in the South, while abroad, and especially among the upper classes in England, it wa.s regarded as conclusive proof of the superior fighting capacity of the Con- federate troops. It may be regarded as having, in etl'cct, changed the status of the conflict from that of a rebellion to that of a civil war. By the Confederates the battle was generally called the 'Battle of Manassas.' Consult: U/fUiul Hcc- ords, Vol. II. (Washington, 1880) ; Ropes, Story of the Civil War (2 vols., Xew York, 1894-98) ; Johnson and Buel (editors). Battles and Lead- ers of the Civil War, Vol. IV. (4 vols., Xew York, 1887) : and Xicolav and Hav, Abraham Lincoln: A Jlixlory (10 vols.. New York, 1890). BULL RUN, Seco.nd B.ttle of. .Kn impor- tant battle of the Civil War, fought August 29 and 30, 1862, between a Confederate army of about 50,000, under General Lee, and a Fed-