Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/745

* BULLFINCH. 663 BULLION. market. (See Cage-Birds.) The bullfinch is capa- ble of very strong attachment to those who feed and caress it, ami often becomes so thoroughly domesticated as to exhibit no desire for liberty. It is replaced in Eastern Europe and Asia by other species, and one (Pyrrhula Cassini) in- haliits Alaska. See Plate of C.ge-Biri)s. BULLFROG. The largest of Xorth Ameri- can frogs (liana Vutesbiaiia), and the largest representative of a genus of aquatic frogs widely distributed over the Xorthern Hemisphere. It is common in sluggish waters from Kansas east- ward, and has received its name on account of its loud, bellowing, bass voice. It reaches a length of 7 or S inches, and is green in various shades, biightest on the head, and blotched about the legs. The eggs are laid in strings, and the tadpoles require two or more years to gain ma- turity. The hind legs of this frog taste like deli- cate spring chicken, and are often found in American markets, especially in the region of the Great Lakes, along whose borders these frogs are particularly large and abundant. (See col- ored Plate of AsiERicAX Frogs axd Toads.) Frogs of great size and power of voice are given the same name in some other parts of the world; thus the 'bullfrog' of English-speaking people of Siam and Malay is Callula ptilchra, which is ex- cessively noisy during the rainy season. BULLHEAD, or BULLPOUT (so called on account of the size of its head ) . Any of the sev- eial fishes of the families SiluridiE and Cottidse. In the United States most commonly the small catfish or horned pout {Amiurus nebulosus) of the fresh waters of the North and East, which varies from yellowish-brown to black, and grows to a length of 18 inches. It has been acclimated in California and is important as a food-fish in the Sacramento Basin, where it is known as "Sacramento eat.' and is in great demand among the Chinese. "The horned pout," says Dr. Theo- dore Gill, ""is a sluggish fish, fond of the mud, and growing best in weedy ponds and waters which have no current. They stay near the bottom and move slowly about, with their barbels widely spread, watching for anything eatable. They will take any kind of bait, from an angle-worm to a piece of a tin tomato-can They are very tenaciou.s of life, and will live in any sort of a pond or pool where frogs or salamanders can exist. . . They spavn in the spring, and the adult fishes lead the young in great schools near the .shore, apparently caring for them as a hen cares for her chickens." For il- lustration, see Catfish.. In (Jreat Britain the name is given mainly to the ugly spinous fishes of the genus Cottus. They are mostly small and abundant in clear streams in northern Europe, Asia, and America. ( See iliLLER's TirtJMB: SctTLPiN.) The name 'armed bullhead' is often given to one of the gurnards (q.v. ), a marine fish of a related genus ( Aponus ) . BULLIER, by'lyfi', Bal. A noted place of resort, especially for students, in Paris, first calleil the Pra<lo d'Et^, and later named for the founder, Bullier. BULLINGEB, byl1ing-er, Heixrich (1.504- 75 ) . Swiss reformer. He was bom at Brcm- ^rten. in the Canton of Aargau, July IS, 1.504. He was sent to the school of the Brothers of tte Common Life at Emmerich when twelve years old, and there sang on the streets for his support as Luther did at Eisenach. In 1519 he went to Cologne to study at the famous Uni- versity, and there he became acquainted with the writings of Luther, so that when he took his de- gree in 15.52 he was already a Protestant. He taught at the school attached to the Cistercian Monastery at Cappel, near Zurich, from 1.522 to 152!), and aided in the introduction of the Reformation into Cappel, which took place gradually in 1525-20. He made Zwingli's ac- quaintance in 152;3 and participated in the dispu- tation with the Anabaptists at Zurich in 1525, and in the religious conference held at Bern in .January, 152S, the result of which was the reformation of that canton. In June, 1528, he became evangelical pastor at Cappel. In 1529 he married Anna Adlischwyler, formerly a nun, who bore him eleven cliildren. In 152!) he suc- ceeded his father as pastor at Brcmgarten, and by a powerful sermon which he preached there he induced his whole congregation to bum the images in the church and pass reform laws. But after the defeat at Cappel, October II, 1531, his position became insecure, and on the night of November 20-21 he fied to Zurich, where, on December 9, he was appointed pastor of the principal church in succession to Zwingli, and did a great work in building up a vigorous or- ganization in the canton. He was, indeed, the second founder of the German Reformed Church. He also exerted great influence upon the Church of England through the Marian exiles (15.53-.58) whom he sheltered and counseled. They dis- played their gratitude in various ways, and in 1586 Convocation enjoined the reading of his sermons upon 'inferior ministers.' In the con- troversy on the eucharist and the affairs of the Anabaptists, Bullinger distinguished himself by his integrity and moderation, and in his house in Zurich several German theologians, com- pelled to leave their country, found a haven of refuge. He shared in the first (1536) and was sole author of the second Helvetic confession (1566). He died in Zurich, September 17. 1575. His writings are numerous, but uncollected and unreprinted. The most important is a Hislory of the Reformation, in Swiss-German (first edited and printed, 3 vols., Frauenfeld. 1838-40). Sev- eral of his treatises have appeared in German, and especially fifty of his sermons, divided into five decades, hence commonly known as Bullinger's Decades (London. 1577), reprinted by the Parker Society, Cambridge, England (lS4!)-52). For his life, consult: Solomon^Hess (Zurich, 1828-29) ; Carl Pestalozzi (Elberfeld, 1858) ; also R. Chris- totfel, llcinrich BuUinyer und seine Gattln (Zurich, 1875) : G. R. Zimmerman, Die Ziirichcr Kirche und ihre Antistes (Zurich, 1877). BULLION, bul'yon (Low Lat. hullio, mass of gold or silver, dimin. of Lat. bulla, boss, stamp, seal, or jjcrhaps corrupted from Fr. billon, Sp. vellon, base coin. Low Lat. billio, bullion). This term is usually employed to designate un- coined gold or silver, which has been reduced to the standard fineness of the coinage of a country, but is sometimes used to designate the metals generally, whether coined or uncoined. The lat- ter use is quite common in England, where the metallic reserve of the bank is reported as so muili liiillion. In the United States bullion is rarely applied to coin. Gold in bars answers