Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/719

* BUHLEK. 637 BUILDING. July 19, 1837. He studied in GSttingen, Paris, and London, and in 1863 he was appointed pro- fessor of Oriental lani;uagos at Eli>liinst<)ne Col- lege, Bombay. Durinfr the years of liis stay in India he took an active part in the work of the department of public instruction in the Hombay Presidency. His untiring zeal at the same time in searching for manuscripts and gathering ma- terial in Gujerat. Kajputana. Kashmir, and in Central India, yielded rich fruits for the history of ancient Hindu literature. With his colleague, Kielhorn, of the Dekhan College. Poona, he founded the valuable Bomhay Hunskrit iierics in 1868, and he collaborated with Sir Raymond West in a Digest of Hindu Law (1867-84). Other publications on the Indian law-books ap- peared from his pen in Max Miiller's series of l?acred Boohs of the East (Oxford, 1879-86). In 1880 Biihler returned from India to take the chair of Sanskrit and Indology at the L^niversity of Vienna. He joined with his colleagues of the Vienna Oriental Institute in establishing the Wiener Zcitsehrift fiir die Kunde des Morgeit- landes (1887 et seq. ). Still more important was his founding the Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Alterthumskunde (Strassburg, 1896 et seq.), upon which he was still engaged at the time of his sudden death by drowning in Lake Constance, April, 1896. The editorial work upon this monumental publication has since been carried on by Kielhorn. Biihler's name was au- thoritative in almost every branch of Indian phi- lology-, archsologj', and religion; but perhaps most important are his contributions on Indian epigraphy. Consult: Epigraphia Indiea (Cal- cutta, 1888 et seq.) ; Indian Antiquary (Bom- bay, 1872 et seq.) ; and the Grundriss, or Ency- clopa'dia of IndoAryan Research. BtTHL'WOKK. See BouiiE, A>-dre Ch.rles. BTTHRSTONE, ber'stOn', or BUE.RSTONE ( 6ur -j- stone, referring to its bur or rough sur- face). A siliceous rock, containing many small empty cells, which represent the casts of fossils. The quartz of which the rock is composed repre- sents an amorphous form of silica that has been deposited either chemically from solution, or through the action of certain low forms of or- ganisms. Buhrstone is used for making- mill- stones, the presence of the pores preventing its wearing smooth. It is found chiefly in the Eocene period of the Tertiary, in France, Bel- gium, Wales, Scotland, and Alabama. The French buhrstone commands the highest price and is exported to the United States. There are different varieties of buhrstone, which vary in respect of the size, freqviency, and manner of distribution of the cells. It is not unusual to form millstones of wedge-shaped pieces of buhr- stone bound together by iron hoops. The stone is found in beds or in detached masses, and the mode of quarrying is peculiar. When the mass is large, it is cut into the form of a huge cylinder; around this grooves are cut, at distances of about eighteen inches, the intended thickness of the millstones; into these grooves wooden wedges are driven and water is thrown upon the wedges, causing the wood to swell and thus to split the cylinder into the required sections. The term buhrstone is sometimes erroneously applied to millstones made of sandstone or con- glomerate. The German buhrstone is a variety of cellular basalt. See Millstone: Abrasives; Tehti.vky System. BITHUANO, boo-nwil'nd, or BITJUANO. A head-hunting tribe in Isabela de Luzon I'rovince, Luzon. See Philippines. BXriL, bv("d, Bkknardo. See Boil, Bernardo. BUILDING (AS. hytdan, to build, hold, Icel. bol, house, from Icel. bua, to live, abide, dwell; cf. OHG. bCian, Goth, bauan, to dwell, in- habit, Ger. bauen, to build. Skt. hhu. to be). A term used in two senses, applying either to the art or trade of erecting structures, or to a structure itself. Building should ])roperly be distinguished from both architecture and "con- struction. All architecture is building with something added; all building is not architecture, because it may not have any artistic qualities. Then again, all construction* is building with something added; but all building is not con- struction, because it may lack in scientific quali- ties. Still, loosely speaking, building as a more general term is made to include both the others, especially as in modern usage a builder is one who has general supervision over the several dis- tinct arts and trades concerned in making a building complete in every part, in which case he is also called the contractor. At the head of the building trade is the architect, who is em- ployed to draw plans, and to make drawings and specifications for the work to be done. At present the architect and the building contractor are al- ways two distinct persons, with divergent inter- ests; but it was not always so, and it will be in- teresting to examine into the history of building before studying present conditions. This arti- cle, supplemented by the articles on Brick; Stonework; JIasonrt; Fireproof Consstruc- TioN; Concrete; Vault; etc., covers the tech- nical side of building as well as all the main divisions of materials. There is also included in this article a rgsura^ of the scientific issues in- volved in building, together with a discussion of the personality, duties, and relations of build- ers, contractors, and architects. The historic de- velopments are treated under the general head- ing Architecture. Building has been in the past carried on ac- cording to three methods: (1) by forced, or otherwise unpaid labor and contributions; (2) by paid day's work; (3) by contriict. The last mentioned is the common modern method, and ac- counts for the defective and inartistic quality, especially in details, of most present work; but it is only gradually that contract work gained its present supremacy. The first method, by unpaid labor, was common in despotic communities like Egypt and Assyria ; the forced labor of the Israel- ites in Egj'pt was matched in the same country down to the present century, and is still found in Turkey. Of course, this meant a mass of un- trained laborers with only a few skilled men in charge, and involved imperfection of detiiil. As a system it was beautifully organized by the Roman Empire, which was' able to cover the world with superb buildings at small cash ex- penditure. In the first place, all the materials were furnished free as part of tribute or tax by different provinces or cities, and were trans- ported free by vessels or carts in return for trade privileges; in the second j)lace, the Roman Army was turned into an immense building or- ganization, with engineers, stone and brick ma-