Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/716

* BUG. 634 BUGIARDINI. so common on the oleander, lemon, and orange. Indeed, were it not for the many insect and larger foes of bugs, as well as for the fungus and other diseases they are subjected to, vegeta- tion could not possibly exist. Consult, for fur- ther particulars, the special articles under the names above mentioned. BUGASON, boo'gii-son'. A town of Panay, Philippines, in the Province of Antique. It is situated on the coast. 24 miles north of San Jos6 de Buonavista. lUigason was founded in 1700. Population, in 1898, 14,104. BUGBANE. See Cimicifuga. BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, bu'zh6' dt' la pi'''kuu're', Thomas Koheet, Due d'lsly (1784-1849). A French marshal. He was born in Limoges, Department of Haute-Vienne, France, and in bis twentieth year entered the army as a private. His conspicuous bravery in the Prus- sian, Polish, and Spanish campaigns gained bini rapid promotion. Shortly before the fall of Na- poleon Bugeaud was made a colonel, and in 1815 commanded the advance-gviard of the army corps of the Alps. He afterwards retired to his estates, but was called into public life by the July Revolution of 18.30. He was elected deputy for Perigueux in 1831, and gained the esteem of Louis Philippe. In 1834 he put down an insur- rection in the streets of Paris. The next year he voted against electoral reforms and >iniversal suf- frage, denounced the 'tyranny of the press,' and soon contrived to make himself very unpopular. In 1840 he was appointed Governor-General of Algeria. He immediately set about organizing the celebrated irregular force known as the Zou- aves, and in a few years the French arms were everywhere triumphant over the Arab tribes. The cruelty of some of Bugeaud's proceedings excited strong feelings of rejjrobation at the time in France and in Europe generally. In 1844 he gained a victory over the Emperor of Morocco's forces at Isly, for which he was cre- ated a marshal of France and received the title of Due d'lsly. At the outbreak of the Revolu- tion of February, 1S4S. Marshal Bugeaud re- ceived the command of the army in Paris, but, having counseled the strictest measures in order to quell the outbreak, he was dismissed by the frightened King the following day (February 24). When Louis Najiolcon became President he intrusted the chief command of the Arm.y of the Alps to Bugeaud, but he soon after died of the cholera in Paris. He left behind him his M^moires, which were translated into English in 1882. BUGENHAGEN, boo'gcn-ha'gcn, .Ioiiann, suriianied Poiikuaki'S, or Dr. PoMMEB (1485- 1 558 ). A German reformer. He Wiis bom at Wol- lin, near Stettin, in Pomerania. June 24, 1485. He studied at Greifswald. and as early as 1504 became rector of the academy at Treptow ; became a priest in 1.509, but did not give up his school, which greatly pros])ered under him. There he lived quietly, fulfilling the duties of his office until 1520, when his religious views were changed by reading Luther's little book De Captivitate Jiabi/lonica. Bugcnhagen was now seized, as it were, by the zealous spirit of the Reformation, and to avoid the persecutions of the Old Church Party, he betook himself to Wittenberg, where he matriculated (1.521), and where his talents procured for him in succession several high positions. Bugenhagen's remark- able philological and exegctical powers were of great service to Luther in his translation of the Bible. In 1525 be opened the controvei'sy be- tween Luther and Zwiiigli by a treatise against the latter, to whic'h Zwingl'i ably rei)lied. He possessed a remarkable talent for organization, establishing churches in Brunswick, Hamburg, Liibeck, and in Pomerania. In 1537 he was called to Denmark by Christian III. to reform the ec- clesiastical establishment of that country. He accomplished this so admirably that the" Danes to this day consider him their own reformer. In 1542 he returiK'd to Wittenberg, and continued bis energetic ellorts to extend the new theology throughout his native land. He died there, April 20, 1558. His best work is his Interpre- tiitio in Lihrum I'salvionim (1523), but his works have not been collected. Letters of his «ere published by O. Vogt in Stettin, 1888; ad- ditional ones in 1890; but many still exist un- printed. For his life, consult:" C. A. T. Vogt (Elberfeld, 1807). with selections from his writ- ings; and H. Hering (Halle, 1888). BUGGE, bug'ge, Elseus Sophus (1833—). A Norwegian philologist. He was born at Laur- vig, and was educated at the universities of Christiania, Copenhagen, and Berlin. In 1866 he became the first professor of comparative philology and of the Old Norse language at Christiania, a chair which was founded by the Storthing. His princi])al work is an edition of the songs of the Edda. which he published under the title Xorroen Fornkva-di (18G7), and which has supplanted all previous editions. Bugge is the leading authority on Northern languages. Some of his works on this and kindred subjects are: Ganile norske Folkeviser (1858); A'or- roene Skrifter of sagiihistorisk Indhold (1864- 73) ; a splendid edition of the Volsuniia and Hervarar sagas; and TnUnuntj af Runehidskrif- ien paa Rokstcncn i Oeslergiitland (in Anti- fjvari.tk Tidskrift for Svorige, Vol. V.). BUGIS, boo'jez. The natives of the country of Boui, in the southwestern Celebes, whose State once held sway over a large portion of the island. They belong physically to the lighter and more attractive -Malay type, and their lan- guage is closely related to that of their neigh- bors, the Macassars: but they have an alphabet and a literature of their own. They jirofess the religion of Islam. The Bugis are much devoted to the arts of peace, and as traders and seamen they are found all over the arclu])elago, from Malacca to New Guinea. In Perak, Borneo, etc., their colonies are quite numerous and large. Their governmental institutions seem to have been more liber:il and their folk-life more ad- vanced than those of the other peoples of Cele- bes. Socially and morally they rank with the best of the Malays, and have a reputation for honesty, in spit<? of the unprepossessing looks of many of the sailor sort. Of recent lit>erature may be mentioned P. B. van Staden ten Brink, Zuid Celebes (1884). See Celi:be.s. BUGIARDINI, boo'jar-de'nf, Giuliano (1475-1554). . Itjilian painter, known as rlulianus Floi-entinus, bom in Florence. He was a pupil of Mariotto Albertinelli and Do- minico Ghirlandajo. and was the assistant and