Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/715

* BUFORD. 633 BUG. He afterwards engaged in iron-manufacturing and banking at Peoria. III., and became president of the Rock Island and Peoria Railroad. In the Civil War he was first a colonel of volunteers and then a brigadier-general, took part in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in )S6.^ was brevetted major-general of volunteers. Gen- eral Buford was Government inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad from 18G7 to 1869 and a special commissioner of Indian affairs in 1867-68. BUG, boog. Two rivers of Russia. The first, a tributary of the Vistula, rises in Galicia. Austria-Hungary, and entering Russia, flows at first north, along the eastern borders of Poland, and then west, and joins the Vistula at the fortress of Xovogeorgieosk. after a course of over 450 miles (Map: Russia, B 4). It is navigable for over .300 miles, and is of great im- portance to the lumber trade of Russia. It is connected by canals with the Dnieper and the for piercing and sucking. Nearly all bugs sub- sist on the juices of plants, a few part.ake of animal juices alone, and sevei-al of both animal and vegetable lluids; hence, economically, the order is very injurious. A few forms are pre- daceous and hence helpful. Certain others, such as the cochineal and lac-dye insects, and their secretions, such as china-wax and shellac, are articles of considerable commercial importance. -Many bugs secrete a substance characteristically pungent, penetrating, and often having dis- agreeable smell and taste. The metamorphosis of bugs is incomplete — i.e. they do not transform completely at once: and the parasitic forms are wingless. Some of the species are very large, certain aquatic ones reaching a length of 12 centimeters. A loathsome, long - known, and widespread pest of man is the bedbug (q.v. ). In Chile a very large bug hides in the thatch of bouses, and, like the bedbug, comes out at night TYPICAL Bros AND 8TBUCTUBE. 1. Adult Squash-Bng Mna^a arroigrera). 3. Principal Features of a Typical Bug: a, head: fc. prothorax: p. scutel- lum o! mesothorax : d, sejjmente of abdomen : e. left wings folded over the back {position of rest); f, g. right wings extended (as in flight). 3, iouth-Pai-t8 of the Squash-Bug; a, labium; b, maxilljp, so close together as to appear as one; c, mandibles; d, upper lip. 4. An Aquatic Bug (Xotonecta), showing third pair of feet modified into oars. Niemen. The second river, the ancient Eypanin, or Bogus, whence the name, rises in the southern part of Volhynia. and flows in a southeastern direction through the governments of Podolia and Kherson, emptying into the Black Sea near Nikolayev, where it forms a wide estuary con- nected with the DnieiHT Liman (Map: Russia, D 5). Its total length is about .500 miles, and it is navigable for small craft as far as Voz- nesensk, while larger steamers can ascend only to Nikolayev. Its chief tributary is the Ingul. BUG (Welsh bwy, spectre. Corn, biicca, bug- bear; cf. Lith. baugus, terrific). The common name applied to the various members of the order Hem iptera (Ok. ^u(-, Acnii-, half -{- -repuv, pteron, wing), so named because the basal half of the wing in many of the forms is thickened like the wing-covers of beetles, while the distal half is membranous and wing-like. The mouth parts are in the form of a beak, and are fitted to suck blood. In England there is found on the birch-tree a bug that has the rare habit among insects of caring for its young. Among all the bugs injurious to agriculture, the chinch- bug (q.v.) (Blissus leucopterus) ranks first in the United States; and it is in the Missis- sippi Valley that it does the most harm, de- stroying entire crops of wheat, oats, and Indian corn, especially during dry, warm summers. The squash-bugs destroy squash and pump- kin vines. t)ther bugs feed on cabbage, radishes, and turnips. The true lice, both of man and beast, are bugs ; so also are the cicadas, which include the seventeen-year locust. Cer- tain plant-sucking bugs cover themselves in their immature stages with a mass of foam, which is commonly known as 'frog-spittle.' To the bugs belong the aphids, plant-lice which prey on the root, stem, or leaf of all sorts of plants. Closely related to the latter are the scaly bug^