Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/702

* BTTDINGER. 624 BXJELL. BiJDINGER, by'ding-ei, Max (1828-1902). A German historian, born at Cassel and educated at the universities of Marburg, Bonn, and Berlin. He was professor of history at Zurich from 1861 to 1872, and at Vieima from 1872 to 1809. The scope of liis researches is suggested by the follow- ing titles of some of his books: Osterreichische Geschichte bis -urn Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Vol. I., 1858); Ein Buck ungar- ischer Geschichte (3 vols.. 1870) ; and Die Unv- versalhistorie im Mittelalter (2 parts, 1893). BXJDCJS-HEGY, bu'de.«h-hed'y' or Budas- r.ERG (Hung. BiidOs, stinking, referring to the sulphurous exhalations, and hegy, mountain). A mountain belonging to the Carpathian system, situated near the southeastern border of Tran- sylvania, in latitude 46° 12' N. and longitude 25° 40' E. It is quite isolated and steep-sided, densely wooded on the lower slopes, and has an elevation of about 4000 feet. It has numerous caverns, that emit sulphurous exhalations, and from its base issue strong sulphur springs. BUDRUN, biTo-droon', or BTJDRUM, bi3o- drooni'. A seaport town of Asiatic Turkey, in the Vilayet of Smyrna, finely situated on the north shore of the Gulf of Cos, about 96 miles south of Smyrna (Map: Turkey in Asia, B 4). It occupies tiie site of the ancient Halicarnassus, the birthplace of Herodotus and Dionysius, the historians, and the massive remains of the old city, which was 'the largest and strongest in all Caria,' bear witness to its former magnificence. A fortress, built by the knights of Rhodes in 1402, occupies a projecting rock on the eastern side of the harbor, which is shallow but well shel- tered, and resorted to by Turkish cruisers. Popu- lation estimated at GOOO. BTJDWEIS, bood'vis (Czech Biidijovice, the district of lint villages, from Gcr. Bude, Slav. buda. Engl, booth). A town of the Austrian Crownland of Bohemia, situated on the iloldau at its junction with the Maltsch, 1235 feet above the sea-level and about 77 miles south of Prague (Map: Austria-Hungary, D 2). Budweis is well built and has three suburbs. Its most note- worthv buildings are the cathedral, -ivith a de- tached bell-tower ; the old and the new Rathaus ; the Gothic Church of Saint Jlary. and the bish- op's palace. The town's afi'airs are administered by a nuinicipal council of 36 members. It owns its water-supply and gas-works. Its educational institutions, in which instruction is given in both the Bohemian and German tongues, include two gj-mnasia, two high schools, a teachers' sem- inary ," agricultural, trade, and industrial schools, as well as numerous preparatory schools. Among its charitable institvitions arc a numicipal hospi- tal, a i)oorhouse, and an orphan asylum. Its industry consists of manufactures of earthen- ware, porcelain, majolica, lead pencils, sugar, beer, and siiirits, and it has a considerable trade in grain, wood, and salt. In the neighborhood of the" town stands the fine Castle of Fraucnberg, belonging to Prince Schwarzenberg. The town has a comparatively I'ig'i death-rate, which ex- ceeds 25 per 1000. 'Population, in 1890, 24.500, of w-hich 40 per cent, were Germans, GO i)or cent. Czechs: in 1900. 39,400. Budweis was founded in 1265 by King Ottokar II. After the Thirty Years' War it received many privileges, and be- came in 1783 the capital of an episcopal see. BUDWORM. See Bollworm. BU'EL, S.MlEL (1815-91). An American clergyman, born in Troy, N. Y. He graduated at Williams College in 1833, and at the General Theological Seminary (N. Y.) in 1837, and was rector in ilarshall," Mich.: Schuylkill Haven, Pa.; Cumberland, JMd. ; Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and New York City. Subsequently he was pro- fessor successively of ecclesiastical history and of divinity at the Seabury Divinity School, Fari- bault, Minn., and from 1871 to 1888 professor of systematic divinity and dogmatic theology at the General Theological Seminaiy. His publica- tions include The Apostolic System of the Church Defended (1844) and The Eucharist to Presence, Sacrifice, and Adoration (1874). BTJELL, Don Carlos (1818-98). A distin- guished American soldier, prominent on the Fed- eral side in the Civil War. He was born near Marietta, Ohio, within the limits of the present Lowell; graduated at West Point in 1841. and served in Florida in 1841-42 against the Semi- noles, on the frontier of Louisiana in 1844-45, and in Texas in 1845-46. During the Mexican War he participated in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and ilonterey under General Taylor, and in those of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco under General Scott, and for his gallantry at Churubusco. where he was severely wounded, was lu'evetted major. L'ntil the out- break of the Civil War he served as assistant adjutant-general of various departments in turn, and in May, 1861, was appointed brigadier-gen- eral of vohuitecrs. He assisted for two months in organizing the army at Washington, and in No- vember replaced Gen. W. T. Sherman in command of the Department of the Ohio ( the newly reor- ganized and enlarged Dejiartment of the Cumber- land). He occupied Bowling Green. Ky.. on Feliru- ary 14, 1862, and. advancing into Tennessee, took possession of Nashville on February 25. On March 21 he was raised to the rank of major-general of volunteers, his department at the same time being merged into that of the Mississippi, then imder the command of General Halleek. On April 6-7 he took a prominent iiart in the battle of Shiloh, bringing his fresh troops upon the field toward the close of the first day's fighting, and on the following day helping to defeat the weakened Confederates. " (See SuiLon, Battle OF.) On .lune 12 he assumed command of the Army of the Ohio, and soon afterwards was called ujjon to repel Bragg's invasion of Kentucky. After an exciting march he arrived first at Louis- ville on September 24, and then, turning upon the Confederate Arnn', forced it to retreat, over- took and crippled it at Perr_'ville on October 8 (see Perryville, B.ttle of), and pursued it across the State, though, according to some mili- tary critics, his pursuit was marked by an un- fortiuuite lack of enterprise and vigor. On the 24tl'. he was replaced by (ieneral Rosecrans, and from November, 1862. to Jfay, 18fi3, was before a military connnission appointed to investigate his cam])aign in Tennessee and Kentucky. This commission presented an adverse report, which, however, has never been published in full. Buell refused to acce|)t any further assignments to active duty, though several ""'re olVered him, and on .lune 1, 1864, he resigned from the service. After the war he was jiresident of the Green River Iron Works from 1865 to 1870, and sened as United States pension agent at Louisville, Ky., from 1885 to 1889. There has been nuich