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* BUDAPEST. 615 BUDDHISM. BUDAPEST, Univebsity of. The Royal Hungariau uuivfrsitv, which has followed the varied foruiues ot" its native land. A univeisitj- was established at Budapest in 138'J-'J0 by King Sigismund on an older foundation. This dis- api)eared in the next century, and another was founded at the end of the Fifteenth Century by Kin<; ilatthias, which was in turn destroyed by the Turkish invasions of the Si.teenth Centurv. In the first half of the Seventecntli Century a national university was founded by Archbishop Cardinal Peter of Pazniany at Tyrnau, partly under .Jesuit control. At the faU of the .Jesuits, this obtained some of their property. In 1769- 70 Maria Theresa finally established the national university on a firm basis. In 1777 it was removed to Buda, and in 1783 to Pest, where in 1786 a building was given it by Joseph II. It was reorganized in 1850 on the Austrian model, but since that time has come entirely under Hun- garian inrtuences. It had in 1902 over .5000 students. Its faculties include theology, law and politics, medicine and philosophj-, arts and sci- ence. Its librarv was founded in 1635 and con- tains 25.000 volumes and 2048 manuscripts. BUDAUN, boo'dii-onn'. A town of India, 140 miles northwest of Lucknow. giving its name to a British district of the Rohilkund division of the Northwest Provinces (Map: India, C 3). It is situated in latitude 28° 27' N. and longitude 79° 11' E. Population, .35,000. BUDD, .Joseph L. c.steb (1835 — ). An American horticulturist, born at Peekskill, X. Y. In I90I he occupied the chair of horticulture and forestry in the Iowa Agricultural College. He introduced many specimens of fruits and orna- mental trees indigenous to Russia into the United States, and in this way has contributed greatly to the arboriculture and horticulture of the Northwest. BUDDE, bood'de, Karl Ferdinand Reinuard (1850 — ). A German theologian : bom at Bens- berg, near Cologne. He was inspector of the Evangelisches Theologisehes Stiff at Bonn from 1878 to 1885, professor extraordinan- at Bonn University from 1879 to 1889. and became, suc- cessively, professor ordinary at Zurich and Strass- burg. His publications include: Die Biicher Richter und ^umnel, ihr Aiifbau tind Hire Qiiel- len (1890) ; "The Religion of Israel to the Exile," in American Lectures on the History of Religions (1899) ; and numerous translations. BUDDHA, bnnd'a. See Gautama Buddha. BUDDHISM, boodlz'm. The religion known as Buddhism, from the title of 'The Buddha' (meaning in Sanskrit the wise, the enlightened), acquired by its founder, has existed now for nearly twenty-five centuries, and is, next to Chris- tianity,, the most extended religion of the world ; but in this estimate all the Chinese and .Japanese are classed as Buddhi.sts. In Hindustan, the land of its birth, it has now little hold, except among some of the northern tribes; but it Iwars full sway in Ceylon, Nepal, and over the whole Indo- Chinese Peninsula. It shares the adherence of the Chinese with the systems of Confucius and Lao-tse, claiming perhaps two-tliirds of the popu- lation. It prevails also in .lapan. although not the established religion ; and north of the Hima- layas it is the religion of Tibet (where it assumes the form of Lamaism), and of the Mongolian population of Central Asia, and extends to the Tery north of Siberia, and even into Lapland. Its adlierents are estimated at from 100,000,000 to 400,000,000. Yet, until near the middle of the Nineteenth Century, nothing was known in Eu- rope respecting tlic nature and origin of this world religion, beyond the vaguest notices and conjectures, .bout the year 1828 Mr. B. H. Hodgson, British Resident at the Court of Nepal, where Buddhism prevails, discovered the exist- ence of a large set of writings in Sanskrit lan- guage, forming the national canonical books. These books have since been found to be texts from which the Buddhist scriptures of Tibet iXongolia, and China must have been translated. The books of the Ceylon Buddhists are in the lan- guage called Pali. They arc not translations of the Nepalese standards, though they are found to agree with them in .some jiarticulars. Most scholars now think that the Pali canon is older and more authiuitaitve than the Sanskrit (North- ern) canon. Translations from the Ceylon standards are used by the Buddhists of Burma and Siani. Copies of the Sanskrit books of Nepal were sent by ilr. Hodgson to the Asiatic societies of London and Paris, and they engaged the attention of the eminent Oriental scholar Eug&ne Burnouf (q.v.), who published in 1844 his Introduction to the History of Buddhism; and this book may be said to have been the be- ginning of correct information on the subject among the Western nations. The most diverse opinions had previously pre- vailed as to the time and place of the origin of Buddhism. Some looked upon it as a relic of what had been the original religion of Hindu- stan, before Brahmanism intruded and drove it out; a relic of a widespread primeval worship, whose ramifications it was endeavored to trace by identifying Buddha with the Woden of the Scandinavians, with the Thoth or Hermes of the ancient Egyptians, and with other m3'thological personages. Others held that it could not be older than Christianity', and must have originat- ed in a blundering attempt to copy that reli- gion, so striking are the many points of resem- blance that jiresent themselves. Although the means are still wanting of giving a circumstan- tial history of Buddhism, the main outline is no longer doubtful. Most Oriental scholars now fi.x the date of its origin about the middle of the Sixth Century B.C., and all agree that it arose in the north of Hindustan. .According to the Bud- dhist books, the founder of the religion was a prince of the name of Siddhartha, son of Sud- dhodana, the petty raja of Kapilavastu. on the southern border of the District of Nepal. He is often called Sakya, which wa.s the name of the family, and also Gautama. The name Sakya often becomes Sakya-muni ( muni, in Sanskrit, Uicans 'solitary'), in allusion to the solitary habits assumed by the prince. To Gautama is frequently prefixed Hramana, meaning ascetic. Of the names, or rather titles, given to Sid- dhartha in his state of perfection, the most im- portant is the Buddha* which is from the root • There 1« a roiifusiiiff varipty hi the modes in which this miiiie 18 Hpelled l).v Kuropeau writen*. S. Hardy, in hl» Manual ot HuJdbisni. gives more tlian flfty foniiB that have come under his notice. Some ot the more common are Hud, Bod. Buth. Budh. Boodh. Bhood. Budo, Bud- dow. Bijutta. I'oota. Poth, Pot. The Chinese, owing to the ineaifrenesH of their nrticulutions. sei'in to have been unable to come nearer to the real sound than Fo. Foe. or Fohi; trom the same cause, they convert Brahma Into Fan.