Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/690

* BUD. 612 BUDAPEST. buds appear without any relation to the leaf, and such are known as "extra-axillary' buds. Again, buds may ocuur upon the older parts of stems and roots, or even on leaves, arising ili this way out of their natural order of suceession, and such are said to be 'adventitious.' In some cases buds are formed which do not develop fur- ther, and may even be overgrown by the outer layers of the plant-body. Some condition, as a wound, may suddenly afford them opi)ortunity to develop, and they are likely to be mistaken for. adventitious buds. Such concealed or hid- den buds are Icnow^n as 'latent' or 'dormant' buds. The terms just given have to do with the vary- ing positions of buds. There is another set of terms based upon the presence or character of the overlapping leaves. In the 'scaly buds,' which are well known in connection with trees and shrubs of the temperate regions, the old overlapping leaves assume the form of more or less heavy and indurated scales, which serve well to pfotect the delicate structures within. The protection against moisture and sudden changes in temperature is often still further increased by a coating of some waxy or resinous substance, as in the horse-chestnut and balsam poplar. The scales are often also lined, and the delicate leaves within cov- ered, with dowTiy hairs. As distinct from the sealj' buds there are also 'naked buds.' that is, those in which there is no special organizationof pro- tecting scales, the ordinary leaves serving the purpose as far as necessary. There are also 'fleshy buds,' in which the investing leaves or scales be- come gorged with food- substances forming the so- called 'bulbs' (q. V. ). Buds or bud- like .structures may not merely con- tinue the growth of an axis or give rise to branches, but may also be used in propaga- tion. Wlien they are definitely organized to be separated from the parent plant for this purpose they are known as 'brood-buds.' Brood-buds are very commonly formed by mosses and ferns, as well as by various groups of seed-plants. The arrangement of the leaves in the leaf-bud is called 'vernation,' a fanci- ful term given by Linnanis to indicate that it is the spring condition of the plant. The term 'proe- foliation,' which is a much better one, is some- times used. Prominent among the terms of ver- nation are the following: 'Plicate' or 'plaited,' in which the young leaf is folded upon its ribs like a closed fan, as in the maple and currant ; 'conduplicate,' in which the leaf is folded length- wise on its midrib, as in the magnolia ; •convolute,' in which it is rolled from one margin to the other, BudB of horse-chestnut, hi surface view (a) and in section (b). as in the cherry; 'involute,' in which both margins are rolled toward the middle of the ufiper face, as in the violet; 'circinate,' in which the leaf is coiled from the apex downward, as in all true ferns. FlowkkHlos. In flower-buds the idea of pro- tection is also evident, and the older overlapjiing leaves of an ordinary bud are represented func- tionally by the older overlapping sepals. In many cases, however, the sepals furnish no |)ro- teetion, and in some cases the necessary i)rotec- tion is provided by bracts, or leaves entirely out- side of the structures of the flower. The arrange- ment of the members of the flowers in the l)ud is called 'aestivation,' a term proposed by Linna>us as indicating the summer condition of the plant. A much better term is 'praefloration,' but neither of them is of any special use at present. Cer- tain arrangements of the sepals and the petals in the flower-bud are of considerable value in classification, because they may be constant in plant groups. Prominent amon.ir these terms are the following: "Valvate,' in which the mar- gins meet each other directly without any over- lapping, as in the caly.x of fuchsia ; imbricate,' in which the parts overlap one another in the same manner as do the shingles of a roof, a condition well illustrated bj' the involucres of Compositic; 'convolute,' in which the sepals or petals appear as if enwrapping one another and then twisted, as in gentians, polemoniums, etc. ; 'plicate' or 'plaited,' in which a tubular corolla or calyx is folded into narrow plaits overlap- ping one another, as in the common jimson- weed. BUD^'US, or BUDE, by'dA', Gtjillaume ( 14fi7-15K)) . A French scholar, one of the great- est of his age. He was born in Paris, and studied there and in Orleans. His works on philology, philosophy, and jurisprudence disjilay extensive learning; the best known are Annotationes in ,TA7r. Libros Pandectonim (l.'JOS) ; De Asse et Partibus Ejus (1514), an investigation of an- cient coins; and the Commentarii Lingua' Gracce (1519), which greatly advanced the study of Greek literature in France. Bude's abilities were shown not only in literature, hut in public busi- ness. Louis XII. twice sent liim to Kome as ambassador; and Francis I. also employed him in several negotiations. At Bude's suggestion, Francis founded the Coll^ge de France, and was also persuaded to refrain from prohibiting print- ing, which the Sorbonne had advised in 15.'i3. Bud6 held several important offices — those of royal librarian, maitre des requetes, and provost of Paris. He died August 23, 1540. A collected edition of his works appeared at Basel in 1557. Hude was suspected of a leaning toward Calvin- ism. Certain circumstances render this highly [irobable, for in his correspondence with his friend Krasmus he repeatedly expressed his contempt for monks and ignorant ecclesiastics, and on one oc- casion termed the doctors of the Sorbonne 'prat- ing sophists.' Besides, what is perhaps even more conclusive, shortly after his death his widow and several members of his family moved to Geneva, and openly abjured Catholicism. Con- sult: E. de Bude, lie de QuilUnune Bud6 (Paris, 1884); Lcttres incdites (Paris, 1887). BUDAPEST. boo'dA-pest. Runrj. pron. boo'- do-pesht (Hilda, named after Buda. brother of Attila + Pest, from O. Slav, peiti, Russ. pechi,