Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/689

* BUCKWHEAT. 611 BUD. Wet weather during the harvesting season is more injurious to buckwheat than to most other cereals. Tartarian buckwheat (Fagupyrum or Polygonum Talaricum), a native of Siberia, is distinguished by the toothed edges of the seeds and its more vigorous growth. It is liardy and very productive, but the seeds fall out when ri])e more readily tlian those of the common species, and the Hour is darker colored and somewliat bit- ter. It is well adapted for green manuring. Notch- seeded buckwlieat ( Fagopyrum or Polygonum emarginaUim ) is said to be a native of China. Its seeds are larger than those of common buck- wheat, and their angles are winged. When grown in Great Britain, many of its flowers are generally abortive. Perennial buckwlieat (Fagopyrum or Polygonum cymosum) is a native of Nepal, very vigorous in its growth, but pro- ducing, at least in Great Britain, comparatively little seed. The triangular black seed of climb- ing buckwheat or blackbine (Fagopyrum or Polygonum convolvulus) greatly resembles buck- wheat, but is smaller. The plant — a very com- mon weed in gardens and corn-fields in Great Britain — also exhibits much similarity, notwith- standing its different habits and twining stem. For illustration, see Plate of Bh.^zilnut. Food Value. The grain of buckwheat and its various by-products are used to a limited extent for feeding farm animals, as are also the green plant and the straw. Buckwheat flour and grits are used as human food. The plants are some- times grown as bee-plants for the honey they fur- nish, the Japanese buckwheat being especially satisfactory for this purpose. The buckwheat grain has the following percentage composition: Water, 12.6; protein, 10; fat, 2.2; nitrogen-free extract, 04.5; crude fibre, 8.7; and ash, 2. It contains rather more crude fibre and less nitro- gen-free extract than other common cereal grains. Buckwheat has been successfully fed to pigs, being not quite equal to wheat for this purpose. It does not appear that, as sometimes claimed, it is a cause of soft pork. It is also used as a poultry food. The hulls are woody and have lit- tle feeding value. The portion next to the hull, which is known as middlings, has a high feeding value. A rai.xture of the hulls and middlings, com- monly called buckwheat bran, is much inferior to the middlings on account of the admixture of the comparatively worthless hulls. Buckwheat middlings and bran are usually fed to dairy cows, ilie floury portion of the grain may be re- garded as a valuable and economical feed. Green buckwheat forage is sometimes fed to stock, but often has an injurious effect on sheep. The straw is sometimes fed to sheep. Buckwheat flour is proportionately richer in nutrients than is the whole .seed, as the crude fibre is prac- tically all removed in milling. It is used very largely in the United States for making griddle cakes or pancakes, less commonly as a breadstuff and in other ways. Much is used in the manu- facture of prepared flour. In Russia buckwheat porridge is a conunon article of diet. Buckwheat flour is often adulterated with wheat middlings. This grain has been used for brewing and for the manufacture of distilled liquor. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. See Poltgo- SACE.C BUCKWHEAT-TREE. An evergreen shrub, C'liftonid monophylla, of the order Cyrillacese. It grows around ponds and streams in the Gulf States of North America, and bears fragrant white blossoms. Its name is derived from the sliape of its penduhMis fruit. BUCURESCI. Rumanian name of Bucharest. BUCOL'IC (Gk. /3oiwoAiKOf, boukolikos, rus- tic, pastoral, from Puvk6'ao(, boukolos, cowherd, herdsman ) . A term derived from the Greek, and equivalent to the term pastoral, of Latin deriva- tion. See Pastokal Poetky. BU'CRANE (Gk. ^ovKpaviov, boukranion, ox- head, from /Soff, bous, ox -|- npaviov, kranion, skull). A decoration consisting of an ox-skull, usually carved on Greek or Roman altars as a traditional ornament, and connected often with festooned wreaths of flowers. This motive passed from altars to friezes and other architectural details. Ranis' heads and other animals' heads are often also called bucranes. BUCY'RUS. A city and county-seat of Craw- ford County, Ohio. 61 miles north of Columbus, on the Sandusky River, and on the Columbus, Sandusky and Hocking, the Toledo and Ohio Cen- tral, and the Pennsylvania raih'oads (Map: Ohio, E 4). It is in an agricultural and stock- raising region, with numerous mineral springs, and has e.vtensive manufactures of clay-working and general machinery, ventilating and heating apparatus, office and school furniture, fans and blowers, plows, carriages and wagons. The more prominent features of the city are a park, well-paved streets, the county and school build- ings, the Sandusky River and bridges, and the water-works and reservoir. Settled in 1818, Bu- cyrus was incorporated first in 1829. The gov- ernment is administered under a charter of 1885, which provides for a ma_vor, elected biennially, and a city council. Population, in 1890, 5974; in 1900, 6560. BUCZACZ, boo'chach. A town of the Aus- trian Crownhind of Galicia, situated on the Strypa, a tributary to the Dniester, about 35 miles east-northeast of Stanislaus (Map: Aus- tria, J 2). It has a handsome Rathaus and the ruins of an old castle. It is famous for its hardy breed of horses. The principal industry is agriculture. In 1672 a treat}- of peace was signed here between the Poles and the Turks, by which the former relinquished to the latter con- siderable territorv. Population, in 1890, 11,096; in 1900, II, -504. BUD (Late ME. hudde, Dutoli bot. probably under the influence of OF. boton, Ft. bouion, bud, button ) . An undeveloped shoot, in which the older leaves overlap and protect the younger leaves and the growing-point of the axis. They may be considered under two heads, (1) leaf- buds and (2) flower-buds ("alabastra') . Leak-Bui>s. Among seed-plants, leaf-buds are distinguished as either terminal or lateral in po- sition. The terminal bud, if developed, continues the axis, while the lateral bud gives rise to branches. For the most part, the lateral buds hold a definite position in reference to the leaves, the rule being that such a lateral bud is de- veloped in the axil of each leaf. Of course in many cases there are leaves without such buds visible, or even formed in any way. Occasion- ally there are cases in which more buds than one appear in a single axil, a gioup of two, three, or more appearing, as in maples, certain willows, etc. These additional buds are spoken of as 'accessory buds.' There are also cases in whiih