Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/685

* BUCKINGHAM. 607 BUCKLE. Connecticut sent into the field, before the close of the war, nearly 55,000 men mit of a population which numbered only between 400,000 anil 465,- 000 souls. From ISO!) until his ileath, Bucking- ham was a member of the United States Senate. He took an active interest in teni])erance reform, serving for some time as president of the .meri- ean Temperance Union, and in addition was an influential member of the .merican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and jircsi- dent of the first National Congregational Coun- cil. He gave .$25,000 to the Vale Theological Seminary, and was a liberal contributor to va- rious philanthropic enterprises. Consult Mrs. Stowe. Men of Our Tinirs ( Xcw York, 1808). BUCKINGHAM AND NOR'MANBY, .John Sheffield. Duke of ( ie4i)-1721 ) . An English naval oflicer, politician, and author. He was privately educated, in 1000 and 1672 enlisted as a naval volunteer in the wars against the Dutch, in 1673 was appointed to the com- mand of a ship, and in the same year to the colonelcy of an infantry regiment. In 1680 he commanded a successful expedition to relieve Tangier, then besieged by the Moors. He be- came, in 1685, Lord Chamberlain to James II., in 1094 cabinet councilor to William III., and in 1702. at the accession of Anne. Lord Privy Seal. In 1705 he was obliged by Whig hostility to re- sign his offices, but in 1710 was appointed Lord Steward of the Hoiisehold, and in 1711 Lord Pres- ident of the Council, He out-Cibbered Cibber by rewriting Shakespeare's Jiiliiifi Crrsar, which he divided into two tragedies, called, respectively, Julius Ccesar and Marcus Brutus. His poems were much praised by contemporaries, including Pope and Dryden ; but, to quote Dr. Johnson {Lites of the Poets), "criticism is no longer softened by his bounties or awed by his splen- dor, and . . . discovers him to be a writer that sometimes glimmers, but rarely shines. . . ." His Essay on Satire, containing an attack on Rochester, wa,s by that penetrative worthy at- tributed to Dryden, who was in consequence se- verely beaten by rufTians, at his instigation, in the public street. The collected works, compris- ing, besides the poems, historical memoirs, speeches, and other miscellanies, were edited by Pope (London. 1723). BUCKINGHAMSHIBE, A south-midland county of England (Map: England. F 5). Area. 743 square miles. The soil is good, chalk and clay predominating. About half the county is under tillage, the rest is in meadow and pasture. Wheat and beans are the principal crops. The chief dair" product is butter. In the vale of Aylesbury, fattening of cattle is extensively car- ried on ; the sheep are noted for fine and heavy fleeces, and large numbers of ducks are reared for metropolitan consumption. The Chiltern Hills are in the northern portion, where there are woods of considerable extent. The chief man- ufactures are paper, straw-plait, and thread lace. The chief rivers are the Thames, bordering the county on the southwest, the Ouse, the Ousel, CoUe," and Thame, the latter two flowing into the Thames, The Grand .Junction Canal, and the Great Western and Nortliwestern railwaj-s inter- sect the county on the east and south. Chief towns, Aylesbury, Buckingham, Marlow, and Wycombe. Buckinghamshire formed part of the ancient kingdom of Mercia ; it contains British and Roman remains, such as traces of Watling, lekncld, and Akeman streets or roads. Many events of historical interest occurred in this county. It was the scene of contest in the civil war of Stephen and John. Population, in 1891, 185,284; in 1901, 19.5,234. BUCK'LAND, Fkanois Trftvklyan (1826- 80). . English naturalist, the son of William Buckland (q.v, ), canon of Christ Church, Ox- ford. Tie was educated at Winchester School, and at Christ Church College, Oxford; devoted himself to the study of medicine; was house surgeon for a time at Saint George's Hospital, London : and was appointed assistant surgeon to the Second Tiife Guards in 1854, retiring in 1863, From his boyhood he was an enthusiastic student of natural history. He contributed nu- merous papers to Field and Land and Water (which he established in 1866), and was the author of Curiosities of "Satural History (4 vols., 1857-72); Fish Hatchini/ (1803); Logbook of a Fishernnui and Zoologist (1870); Natural History of British Fishes (1881) ; an edition of White's Natural History of Helhorne, with notes (1876); and numerous oflicial reports as in- spector of fisheries. He was an acute observer, and his writings on subjects of natural history exhibit in great part the results of fresh and original observations, which his sprightly style presents in an interesting manner. He took a great interest in fish-culture, and about 1805, at his own cost, established at South Kensington a 'museum of economical fish-culture." illustrat- ed by models and casts largely made with his own hands. This at length expanded into the International Fisheries Exhibition of 1883. For his life, consult Bompas (London, 1883). BUCKLAND, William (1784-1856). A dis- tinguished British geologist, born in Axniinster, Devonshire. He was educated in Winchester and Oxford, and in 1813 he received an appoint- ment as reader of mineralogy in Oxford Univer- sity, and was elected a fellow of the Geological Society of London, of which he was twice presi- dent. In 1825 he was appointed a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1845 he became Dean of Westminster. He contributed many valuable papers to geological publications, for one of which he received the Copley Medal. His most extended work, (leology and Mineralogy Considered vith Reference to Natural Theology, was first published in 1836, as a Bridgewater treatise, and subsequently passed through three editions. BUCKLAN'DIA (after the English natural- ist Buckland). A magnificent and beautiful evergreen tree of the order Hamamelidacc*. a native of the mointains of .Java and India. The only species, Bucklandia popuhica, is said to grow unbranched to the height of 40 feet, the trunk sometimes 21 feet in girth at 5 feet from the ground. The foliage is thick, bright, and glossy. The timber is valuable. See Witch- IIazel. BUCK'LAW, Laird of. The title of the hus- band of Lucy Ashton in Scott's Bride of Lam- inennoor (q.v.). He is the inncK'cnt cause of the tragic conclusion of the story. He is a good- natured youth, in spite of loose habits, and im- presses the reader as more sinned against than sinning. His family name is Frank Hayston. BUCKLE (Fr. bouclc, buckle, earring, from Lat. buccula, the beaver of a helmet). A metal