Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/682

* BUCHER. 604 BUCHNER. published his satires against the Jesuits, such as Charfreitagsprozession, Spottspiel von der t^iindflut, and Die Jcsuiten aiif dem Lande. His collected works were published in 1819-20. BUCHER, LoTiiAR (1817-92). A German dipluinat, bom in Neustettin (Pomerania). He ivas educated at the University of Berlin, and in 1848 entered the Prussian National Assembly for the city and district of Stolp. In 1850, under ]>olitical charges, he fled to England, where he acted as correspondent for the yulional Zeitutig. After his return to Germany he was appointed by Bismarck to a post in the Foreign Office, and obtained the rank of reporting councilor in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. He was for many years the confidential assistant of Bismarck in diplomatic afi'airs, and accompanied the Chancel- lor during the peace negotiations with France. In 1876 he was made a Privy Councilor. His publications include Bilder aus der Fremde (2 vols., 1862-63), a selection from his contribu- tions to the National Zeilung, and Kleine Schrif- ten politisclien Inhalts (1893). Consult the Lehen und Werke, by Poschinger (Berlin, 3 vols., 1890-94), BtrCHEZ, bu'sha', Philippe Joseph Benja- min (1796-1865). A French political and social philosopher. He was bom in Matange-la-Petite (then in the Department of Ardennes, now in Belgium), studied medicine, was admitted to practice as a physician in 1825, and was inter- ested, as an opponent of the Bourlion restora- tion, in the organization of the French Car- bonari Society. The discovery of the conspiracy led to his arrest, and his release was obtained only by a disagreement among the judges. He then became chief editor of the journal des Progris des Scienees et Inxtitutions Midicales, and a collaborator on the Producteur, a period- ical in advocacy of the doctrines of Saint-Simon. Subsequently he withdrew from Saint-Simonism and founded VEuropcen, later called La Revue Nationnle, in which, as well as in his Introdue- tion a la science de I'histoire (1833), he ex- poimded his philosophical system, styled by himself 'Buchezism.' .fter the Revolution of 1848 he was for a short time deputy mayor of Paris, and was elected to the Constituent Assem- bly, of which he became president. His publica- tions include the e.tensive compilation, L'His- toire parlementaire de la Revolution francaise, with Rou.x Lavergne (40 vols., 1833-38) ; Essai d'tin traits complct de philosophie au point de rue du catholieisme ct ilu progrrs (1840) ; and Histoirc de la formation de la nationalile fran- Saise (1859). BtrCHHOLZ, boiir/hcMts. A town of Saxony, (Jerniaiiy. on the river Sehma, IS miles .southeast of (^'hcmnilz. Its ]irincipal building is the tine Gothic Church of Saint Catherine, which eon- tains some good paintings. The town owes its origin to its silver-mines, discovered in 1497. Tt has important industries, including wood- pul]) and pa])er-making mills, lace and embroid- ery mills, and bonklunding establishments. Population, in 1895, 7989. BtrCHHOLZ, hoor.'h.Mts, Reinhold( 1837-76). A German zoologist and traveler. He was born in Frankfort-on-lhe-Odcr, and studied medicine in Greifswald and Berlin. After practicing a short time in (ireifswald he gave up medicine for zoiilogj', and sjient some time in Italy, study- ing marine life. He accompanied the North Polar F.xpedition of the Haiisa (1869-70), and in 1872 nuide an unsuccessful attempt to explore the mouths of the Niger. He became professor of zoology in Greifswald in 1872, and director of the zoological museum in 1876. BUCHHOLZ FAMILY, The (in tier., Uic I-itiiiln lliirliliiil: ) . l')ntertaining sketches of middle-class life in Berlin by the German author Julius Stinde. They dei)ict the petty interests and strivings of the family in a life-like and amusing fashion, and have been exceedingly pop- ular in Germany, reaching the eighty-fifth edi- tion in 1900. The books were greatly liked by Prince Bismarck, whose commendatory letter to the author is published in the later editions. The author pursued the same vein less success- fully in M'ilhelmina Buchholz's ilemoirs; The Biieliholzes in Italy, Paris, the Orient, etc. BUCHLOE, bu'kl6-e. See Buffalo Grass. BtJCHNER, biiK'ner, Friedrich Karl Chris- tian LuDWid (1824-99). A German philosoph- ical writer, born in Darmstadt. He studied at the universities of Giessen, Strassburg, Wiirz- burg, and Vienna, and for a time practiced medi- cine in his native city. In 1852 he was appoint- ed a lecturer in Tiibingen, but the publication in 1855 of his Kraft und Stoff compelled him to re- sign his post and resume medical practice in Darmstadt. In Kraft und St off (19th German ed., 1898; an English translation by CoUing- wood, 1855; a 2d Eng. from the 10th German ed., 1870) he maintained the indestructibility of matter and forct — a doctrine now generally ac- cepted by philosophers. Hut he likewise insist- ed on the finality of physical force, identifying brain and mind, and denying the existence in nature of either plan or deity. The book was scarcely original, and was soon discredited by thinkers; but in that it alTorded many errors for correction, may have contributed something to permanent philosophic thought. Other works bv this author are: Aus Xatur und M'issen- s'chaft (Vol. I., 182: Vol. II.. 1884) ; Licht und Leben (1881); Fremdes und Eigencs aus dem peistigen Lehen der degcnKart (1890); Dnr- minismus und i<ori<itisnnis (1894) ; and Im Dienstc der Wahrheit (1899). Consult: Frauen- stjidt, Der Materialismus (Leipzig, 1856), and Janet, The Materialism of the Present Day: .1 Criticism of Dr. Biiehner's Hystem, translated by Masson (London, 1867). BUCHNER, Geobg (1813-37). A German pod, brother of the preceding, born in Goddclau, Hesse. He studied at the universities of Strass- burg and Giessen. Because of the publication of a brochure on behalf of political liberty, entitled Der hessische Landliotc, he was compelled to take refuge in Strassburg. Later he went to Zurich, where he became lecturer at the university, and where he died. His ])owerful dramatic poem, Danlons Tod, appeared in 1S35. He also made translations from Hugo, and left in MS. a Oe- schichte der philosophischen Systeme voti Car- lesius his Spinoza. BUCHNER, booo'ncr, Hans (1850—). A German hygicnist and bact<>riologist. He was born in .Munich, studied at the universities of Munich and Leipzig, and ;it the former became in 1880 lecturer on hygiene, and in 1892 pro- fessor. His investigations in the field of bac- teriology are numerous and important. In 1877