Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/661

* BKTJNSWICK. 585 BRUNSWICK. ducal line of Bninswiek-Liineburg (House of Hanover). Krnst Augustus. Duke of Bninswiek- Liineburg, wlio niarrii'd .Sopliia, a granddaugliter of James I. of Knglaiul. was raised to the dignity of ninth Elector of the Empire in 1692. His son, George Louis, succeeded to the crown of Great Britain in 1714. (See England and Hanover.) The ducal residence, which had been at Wolfen- biittel, was in 1754 removed to Brunswick by J)uke Charles, who founded the famous Collegium Carolinum, and was a faithful ally of England during the Seven Years' War. He died in 1780. His brother Ferdinand was the ablest of the lieu- tenants of Frederick the Great, turned the tide of battle at Prague, and won the battles of Crefeld and ilinden. The son and successor of Duke Cliarles, Charles William Ferdinand, was nephew of F'rederick the Great, and married Augusta, daughter of George III. of England. He fought in the Seven Years" War, and played an impor- tant part at the battle of Crefeld in 1758. In 1792 he was commander of the allied armies of Austria and Prussia against France. He marched into Champagne, but was compelled to conclude an armistice with Dumouriez, after trying in vain to force the position at Valmy. In 1800 he was called to lead the Prussian troops against Napo- leon, who defeated him decisively at Auerstiidt; he retired, broken-hearted, and died soon after- wards from the effect of his wounds. Napoleon incorporated his duchy with the new Kingdom of Westphalia, but after the txittle of Leipzig it was restored to his son, Frederick William, who had distinguished himself in the camjiaigns of 1792, 1793, 1806, and who fell at the head of his troops at the battle of Quatre-Bras in 1815. His son, Charles Frederick, was a minor, and up to 1823 George IV. of England acted as Prince Regent. The people of Brunswick endured the misrule of Charles Frederick for seven years; then they revolted and drove him from his duchy in 1830. He died childless in Geneva, in 1873. By an act of the Germanic Diet the duchy was transferred to his brother William. Prince of Oels (born in 1806), who assumed the government April 25, 1831. He died childless in 1884, and the suc- cession passed to the Duke of Cumberland, son of George V., the dethroned King of Hanover. As the heir refused to recognize the new Constitution of the German Empire, the Imperial Government declined to allow the succession to take place, and an interregnum occurred. In October. 1885, Prince Albert, a nephew of the Emperor William I., was elected Regent of the duchy by the Diet. Consult: lialliday. Annats of the House of Han- over (London. 1826) ; Fitzmaurice, Charles 'Wil- liam Ferdinand. Duke of Brunsieick: An His- torical Study (London, 1901); Heinemann, Ge- schiehle von ISraunsehweig und Hanover (Gotha, 1882-02). BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig). A duchy in the north of Germany, composed of three large and six small exclaves. It is bounded mainly by Prussian territory (provinces of Han- over, Saxony, and Westphalia), with a total area of 1424 square miles (Map: Germany, D 2). The southeast part belongs to the region of the Harz Jlountains, and rises in some places over 3000 feet. The northern portion is only slightly ele- vated, and is mainly hilly. Brunswick belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Weser. The soil is mostly well cultivated and productive. due in great part to the division of the land into very small holdings. Agriculture is the leading occupation; over 50 per cent, of the total area is under tillage. Wheat, rye. oats, and barley are the chief cereals gro-n and potatoes, sugar-beets, and hay are important crops. Vegetables are cultivated ex- tensively, and fruit-culture has developed rapidly under the encouragement of the State. Cattle- raising is carried on only in connection with agri- culture, but the live-stock returns of the duchy for the last few years show a very large increase. The mineral industries are important. Lignite, iron, asphalt, lead, and copper are the principal minerals, and the total annual output is about 25.000,000 marks (•$5,950,000). The manufactures of Brunswick are diversified. There are extensive sugar mills and refineries, cigar and cigarette factories, hat-factories, ma- chine-shops, chemical-works of different kinds, glass-works, some weaving-mills, and a number of breweries. The main domestic exports are metals, textiles, huts, liquors, and building-stone. There are over 300 miles of railway lines. They belong largely to the Prussian State Railway- system. The Constitutional Government dates from 1830. although the Constitution was not adopted until 1832. As amended in 1899, it provides for one Chamber, composed of 15 members elected by the towns, 15 by the rural communities, 2 by the Protestant clergy, 4 by the landed aristoc- racy, 3 by the manufacturing interests, 4 by the professional clas.ses, and 5 by the highest-ta.xed citizens. Members of the Chamber serve for four years. It is summoned every two years. Bruns- wick has 2 votes in the Bundesrat and 3 repre- sentatives in the Reichstag. The highest execu- tive body is the Staatsniinisteriuni, divided into 5 departments. For purposes of local admin- istration Brunswick is divided into 6 circles, ad- ministered by directors. Revenue is obtained chiefly by taxation and by the exploitation of State domains. The budget is made up for a period of two years, the estimates for education not being embraced in the general budget. For 1901-02 the budget balanced, the totals being 17,- 000.000 marks (nearly $4,000,000), excluding the civil list of the Duke, 1,125,000 marks (.$267,750). The public debt, not reckoning the premium loan contracted in 1869, and payable in annual instal- ments by 1024. amounted' in 1900 to 27,688,000 marks ($6,580,744), and was contracted prin- cipally for railways. Education is in the hands of a special com- mission. The technological school in Brunswick, however, is under the immediate charge of the Ministry. There are aljout 415 elementary schools, mostly in the rural districts, and a con- siderable number of secondary and trade schools. The military forces of Brunswick are now com- liined with those of Prussia, but are controlled to some extent by the Regent. In 1900 the popu- lation — almost exclusively native and Protestant — was 464,251, showing 0.9 per cent, increase since the census of 1895. The capital is Bruns- wick (q.v.). For the history of the duchy, see BlUNSWICK, Hoi'SE OF. BRUNSWICK (Ger. ISraunschncifi, niedi- .Teval ISrunstrirh. liruneswik. for Med. Lat. Bruno- ni.i virus, the village of Bruno, son of Rudolf, Duke of Saxony; cf. Engl, wick, AS. wic, town, MHG. wich, Goth, wcihs, village). The capital