Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/652

* BKUCKNER. 576 BRUGMANN. symphonies, with the result that they are harsh anil unhannonic. In addition to his nine sym- plionies, of which the best known is the seventh in E major (1S85), he wrote a Te Dcum (188C), Grand Masses, a Requiem, male choruses, etc. BRtJCKNEB, bryk'ncr, Alexa.i>ek (185f — ). An Austrian Slavic scholar, lie was born in Tarnople (Ualicia) and studied in Lemberg. Ue niaile special researches regarding the history of Polish literature during the Middle Ages and in the Seventh Century. In 1892 he was ap- pointed professor of Slavic languages and litera- ture in the University of Berlin. He published numerous essays in the Archiv fiir slaicische Phi- loloijic; Die slaicischen Fremdnorter im I.itau- ischen (1877); Die slawischen Ansiedliingcn i)i der AUtnarIc und im Maydehurgisclwn (1879) ; and other works. BRttCKNER, ALEXA^-nER (1834-96). A Rus- sian historian. He was born in Saint Petersburg and studied in Heidelberg, Jena, and Berlin. He was professor of history at the Imperial School of Law (1861-67), private lecturer at the uni- versity, and professor of Russian history at Odessa. Dorpat (1872-91), and Kazan (1891). He is the author of a large number of important works bearing upon Russian history and condi- tions, including Finaitzgesehiehtlichc tiludien. Kujifergeldkrisen (1807); /icon Possoshkoff. Ideen und Zustiinde im Zeitalter Peters des (Irosscn (1878) ; Die Europtiisierunri Ritsslands. Land nnd Vulk (1888). The works written by him in Russian includfi The Kusso-Siredish War of 17SS-90 (1890) and Potemkin (1892). BRTJEDEB-GEMEINDE (liru'dPr gp-mln'de) MEN'NONITES. See ilEXXOXlTE.s. BRUEGHEL. A family of Dutch painters. See Kkeuuhei.. BRUGES, bn.izh (Ger. Hriigge, 'Die Brugge, O. Dutcli liruggci), bridges, from OllCi. brueku, Ger. Briickc, .S. bnjeg, Kngl. bridge). An old city of Belgium, capital of the Province of West Flanders, situated about 8 miles from the Xorth Sea, with which it is connected by two canals (Map: Belgium, B 3). The town "is intersected by luimerous canals crossed by fifty-four bridges, from which latter it derives its name. From a purely architectural point of view Bruges, more than any other city of Belgium, has preserved the characteristic a])pearance of the Middle Ages. Among the most interesting buihlings are the Hotel de Ville, a graceful structure in pure Gothic style, with six turrets, dating from the Fourteenth Century ; I.,es Halles, erected in the Thirteentli Century, surmounted by a superb belfry, with its forty-eight bells, re- puted to be among the finest chimes in Euroiw; the Palais de Justice, notable as containing in one of its rooms a celebrated chimney-piece — an exquisite specimen of wood-carving, with the statues of Charles V., Maximilian, Mary of Bur- gundy, and Charles the Hold amid a' maze of ornaments, escutcheons, and ])ortraits. In the ancient Hospital of Saint John, dating from the Twelfth Century, are ])reserved some choice paintings by Memling: his most famous, the "Reliquary of Saint Ursula"; the beautiful "Triptych of the Marriage of Saint Catharine," and the "Kpiphany." the best example of that masters early style. The Church of Notre Dame, an early Gothic structure, with a tower 395 feet high, contains a number of valuable paintings and sculptures, notably the tombs of Charles the Bold and Mary of Burgundy, and an e.xtjuisite life-size marble group of the Virgin and Child, attributed to Michelangelo, by whom it was undoubtedly at least designed. Horace Walpole is said to have olfered 30,000 florins for it. The Cathedral of Saint Sauveur is a plain brick structure in the early (Jothie style, but its interior has good proportions, is tastefully deco- rated, and contains fine ])aintings by eminent masters, two monumental brasses, and beautiful choir-stalls. The CliapcUe du Saint-Sang is an elegant two-storied building with line stained- glass windows, the lower cliuroli dating from 1150, the upi)er from the Fifteenth Century, The edifice was restored in 1819-39, Here, accord- ing to tradition, Theodoric 'of Alsace deposited some drops of the blood of the Saviour brought from Palestine in 1149, the 700th anniversary of which event was celebrated in 1850 with all eccle- siastical pom]). The picture-gallery of the acad- emy in the nuiseum is noteworthy for its choice specimens by early Flemish masters, Bruges contains an academy of art, a conser- vatorv, and two hospitals. The population was 49.308 in 1846, 47,497 in 1899, and 52,867 in 1900. It is believed that Saint Chrysolus preached here as early as the Third Centurj-. In the Middle Ages Bruges became one of the chief com- mercial centres of northern Europe, with about 200,000 inhabitants. From 1240 to 1426 it was a leading mart of the llanseatie League. It formed ]iart of the possessions of the dukes of Burgundy, and, with the rest of Flanders, passed to the House of Hapsburg. Internal disorders, coupled with the neglect of its port, led to a steady decline of its commerce, and its great- ness has long since left it. Hardly another city of Europe has such a large proportion of pau- pers. Bruges has extensive textile mills, brew- eries, and ship-yards, and produces fine lace. During the wars of the Spanish and .Austrian successions the city was besieged by the Dutch and the I'^rench. In 1794 it was taken by the latter, and from 1814 to 1830 it belonged to the Xctlu'rlands. BRUGG, BRUG, or BRUCK (OHG. brucka, Ger. Briicke, AS. brgcg. Engl, bridge, referring to the stone bridge across the .-Var, built in the Sixteenth Century). A village in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, 1100 feet above the sea- level, on the right bank of the Aar, and near the mouth of the lieuss, about 13 miles niu'theast of Aargau (itap: Switzerland. CI). Brugg occu- pies a portion of the site of the ancient Helvetian and Koman city of Vindonissa. The '"Schwarze Turm" (Black Tower) was erected during the Roman occupation. The town was the seat of the Counts of Hapsburg, the ruins of their chief castle being 2 miles to the southwest. Popula- tion, ill liiiio, 2629. BRUGMANN, brooc/nian, Friedricii Karl (1849 — ). A German conijiarative philologist, born in Wiesbaden, March 16, 1849. He studied in Halle and Lei]izig, and was instructor in the gymnasium in Wieshaden from 1872 to 1873, and in Leijizig from 1873 to 1877, In 1877 he became l)rivatdoccnt at the University of Leipzig, and in 1882 was ajjpointed assistant professor. He was called to the chair of cuiiipanitive jiliilnlogy in I'reiburg in 1884, and in 1887, after the death of