Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/651

* BBUCH. 575 BEUCKNEB. BRUCH, brooG, ^IjlX (1838—). A German composer. He was born in Cologne, of Jewish parents, on Januan- G. 18.'J8. At first taught by his mother, then by Breidstcin, he exhibited re- markaldc precocity" producing a symphony at 14. As a Moziirt scholar (ISo.'S-ST) he was instructed by HiUer in theory and composition, and by Rei- necke and Breunung in jiiano. In 180.3 he brought out the opera Lorelei, with (ieibel's libretto, writ- ten for and partly set to music by Mendelssohn. In 18t).5 he was niade director of the ilusilvinsti- tut in ("oblenz, and in IStJ" became kapellmeister to the Prince of Schwarzbiirg-Sondcrshausen. In 1870 he went to Berlin, was conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83), of the Breslau Orchestral Society (1883-90), and after- wards lived in Berlin and Bonn. He visited the United States in 1SS3 and conducted his oratorio Arm 111 IKS in Boston, ilax Bruch ranks among the first musicians of Germany as the representa- tive of the epic cantata. His works include orchestral and chamber music; the operas Jung- frail von Orleans (Cologne, 18,59) and Hermione (Berlin, 1872): Romischer Triumphgesang, for male chorus and orchestra, op. 19; the cantatas t'riihjof. Halamis. Sormamienzug, Die Flucht der heiligen Faniilie, op. '20; .S'Wioii Ellen, op. 24; Odysseus, op. 41; Das Lied von der Glocke (Schiller's poem), op. 45; and Achilleus, op. 50. The Scenes from the Frithjof Saga are the best known of his orchestral works. Kol Sidrei, a Hebrew melody for the 'cello, and his violin con- certo are the best known of his concert pieces. Consult Fuller- JIaitland, Masters of German Mttsic (London. 1894). BRUCHSAIi, brooG'zal (Medieval Bruxole- gum, from Ger. Briicke, OHG. brudca, Engl. bridge + Saalbach). A town of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Germany, situated on the Saal- bach, and on the railway between Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, 12 miles northeast of the latter place ( Map : Germany, C 4 ). Among its interesting buildings are the Church of Saint Peter, the burial-place of the bishops of Speyer, and the old castle. Its manufactures include cigars, soap, candles, lamps, barrel-slaves, and gun- stocks. It is an important railway centre. Population, in 1890, 11,902; in 1900, l:3,.567. BRtrCINE, broo'sin (from Brucea, for which the Strychnos nux vomica was mistaken), CsjHm- NjO,. One of the alkaloid constitutents of poison-nut, the seed of Strychnos nux vomica, and therefore present in the extracts and the tincture of nux vomica, which are used in medi- cine. It may be isolated from the seed by boiling with water containing some oxalic acid. Its physiological action is the same as that of strychnine, though much less powerful. It is scarcely soluble in water and insoluble in ether, but is soluble in alcohol and in chloroform. It dissolves in nitric acid with a beautiful blood- red color, which turns yellow on warming the solution; if stannous chloride is now added, an inten.se violet coloration is produced. By this reaction very small qiiantities of brucine may be detected. Both strychnine and brucine are com- bined in nux vomica with igasuric acid. The tiln/chnos nux vomica is indigenous to India and the Kast Indian Islands. BRTJ'CITE (named for a Xew York miner- alogist, Dr. Bruce). A native hydrate of mag- nesium having the composition MgO.H,, but con- taining also small quantities of magnesium car- bonate. It is found at Hoboken, N. J., at Lan- caster and Texas, Pa., and in several other locali- ties. The mineral is completely soluble in acids. BRTJCK, brook, ICabl Ludwio, Baron (1798- 1800). An Austrian statesman, born at Elber- fcld. He formed the plan of consolidating all the insurance societies of Tiiest into one com- pany, and thus was originated the Triest Lloyd (18:33), afterwards known as the Austrian Lloyd. In 1848 he was a deputy to the National Assembly at Frankfort, where he was appointed the plenipotentiary of Austria to Archduke .John, Vicar of Germany. He later became Minister of Commerce in the Schwarzenberg-Stadion Cab- inet, in which cajiacity be may be said to have created a new industrial epoch in Austria. The Austro-Gernian Postal Union (December 5, 1851), the .ustro-Gennan Telegraph Union, and conmiereial and customs reforms were the re- sults of his administration. His policy w^as ut- terly at variance with reactionary tendencies, and in 1851 he was compelled to resign. He was recalled in 1855 to accept the portfolio of Finance, but later foimd himself unable to cope with the disastrous conditions resulting from the general political system of the country and the obligations entailed by the Italian War of 1859. The unfortunate state of the finances was attrib- uted directly to the ilinister. Under these cir- cumstances he demanded and received his release from office, and on the day following (April 23, 18G0) conimitted suicide." An inquiry into his official life, which was subsequently held, com- pletely vindicated his integrity. BRiiCKE, bruk'e, Ernst WrLiiELM von (1819-92). A German physician and physiolo- gist, born in Berlin. He studied medicine at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, in 1846 became an instructor in anatomy at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, and in 1848 professor of physiology at the University of Kiinigsberg. In 1849 he was called to the chair of physiology and microscopic anatomy at the University of Vienna. Among his more important works are an Anatomische Beschreibitng des Augapfels (1847); Grundziige der Physiologic und Sys- tematik der Hprachlaute (185(5), and a .Vewe Methode der phonetischcn Transkription (18G3). BRUCKER, brnk'er. .Toh. n Jakob (1696- 1770). A (ieniian writer on the history of phi- losophy. He was educated in Jena, and taught there for some years, and then became pastor of the Protestant " Church of Saint Ulrich in his native place, Augsburg. He was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1731. His chief work was Histo'ria Crilica I'hilosophice (5 vols., 1742-44). which had a great success, and formed the basis of many subse(]ucnt works. He wrote many other works on philosophical sub- jects, and superintended and corrected a polyglot edition of Luther's translation of the New Testa- ment (0 vols.. 17G(!-70). BRUCKNER, brook'ner, Anton ( 1824-96 ) . An Austrian organist and composer, born at Ansf el- den. Upper Austria. He was an orphan and largely self-taught, but such was his diligence that in 1855 he won the position of org-anist in Linz in an open competition. He later became Court organist in Vienna, and a [irofessor at the Conservatory of Music. .As a composer Briickner sought to apply Wagner's dramatic effects to