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* BROWNSVILIiE. 571 BKOWNWOOD. bv a Mexican raiding party under Cortina. Population, in 1S90, 0134; in "l900, 6305. BROWN SWISS CATTLE. A breed of dairy cattle, most highly developed in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, and introduced into the United States in 18(39. It is one of the two prin- cipal breeds in Switzerland, and is glowing in numbers and favor elsewhere. See the article C.TTLK. and its Plate of D.MiiV Cattle. BROWN UNIVERSITY (so named after Xicholas Brown, one of its most munificent pa- trons). One of the oldest institutions of learn- ing in the United States, situated in Provi- dence, R. I. The charter of the university was granted by the General Assembly of Rhode Island in 17G4, and instruction was begun in Warren in 1765. The inception of the univer- sity was mainly due to discriminations made against Baptist students in existing American colleges, and to the consequent desire of the Bap- tists for a college under their own control. Under the initiative of the Philadelphia Baptist Association, Rhode Island was chosen as the home of the new college, since that Colony was Baptist 'in origin and popular attachment,' and also recognized 'absolute religious liberty.' The charter of the university provided for a corporation of 12 fellows and 36 trustees; S of the fellows, including the president, to be Bap- tists, and the other 4 of any denomination, and 22 of the trustees to be Baptists, and the remain- ing 14 of other specified Protestant denomina- tions. At the same time the charter enacted that into the 'liberal and catholic institution' so created 'religious tests' should 'never be ad- mitted,' but that, on the contrary, all the mem- bers thereof should 'enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience.' The first president of the college was the Rev. James ilanning, a Princeton graduate. He es- tablished a Latin scliool in Warren, preparatoiy to the beginning of collegiate instruction, and this school was removed, together with the col- lege, to Providence in 1770, and has since existed there as the University Grammar School. In the spring of 1770 the foundations of the first per- manent college building, the present University Hall, were laid on the crest of a hill overlooking the town and surrounding country of Providence. In 1804 the name of the coHege was changed from Rhode Island College to Brown University in honor of Nicholas Brown, of the class of 1786, whose gifts to the college amounted to not less than $160,000. The growth of the university was gradual until the election of its fourth president, the Rev. Francis Wayland. in 1827. In the twent-eight years of his administration President Wayland brought about an entire re- organization and a great expansion in the scope of the work of the university. The elective prin- ciple was recognized ; sciences were introduced and made prominent in the curriculum ; the per- manent funds were largely augmented, and the influence and intellectual prestige of the institu- tion were raised. But the work which President Wayland had begun was not vigorously prose- cuted after his resignation, and it was fiot until the accession to the presidency in 188!) of the Rev. Elisha Benjamin . drews. a graduate of the class of 1870, that the modern life of the university, properly speaking, began. During his term of office the number of undergraduate Vol. III.— 37. students increased from 268 to 864, and of gradu- ate students from 3 to 101 ; all scholastic de- partments, and especially those in the liuman- ities, were juueh enlarged, and in October, 1891, the Women's College was founded. At first, only the privilege of university examinations was granted, but in 1892 all the university degrees, and also the graduate courses, were o])ened to women, and in 1897 the institution was formally accepted by the corporation as the Women's Col- lege in Brown University, and its management vested in a dean, subject to the direction of the president of the tniiversity. Brown University ofl'ers courses leading to the degrees of A.B., Ph.B., B.S., C.E., M.E., A.JI., and Ph.D. Candidates for the degrees of A.B. and Ph.B. are otTered a large range of electives after the freshman year. For the more technical degree of B.S. less freedom of election is given, while for the degrees M.E. and C.E. no option is given. Of recent years Brown has placed mucli emphasis upon post-graduate work. The income of about 100 scholarships is avail- able for needy students: in addition there is a considerable aid loan fund. The libraries number 110,000 volumes, besides 30,000 pamplilcts. These include various depart- mental libraries, of which the most important are the Ilarkness Classical Seminary Library, the Romance Seminary Library, and the Conant Gennan Seminary Library of 6000 volumes. In the main library is the Harris Collection of American Poetry, numbering .lOOO volumes. The equipment of the university includes the Jenks iluseum of Zoology, the Museum of Anthro- pology, the Olney Herbarium, the Museum of Classical Archieology, and the Ladd Astronom- ical Observatory, furnished with a 12-inch equa- torial and other minor apparatus. The Physical Laboratory occupies a costly separate building, and the Anatomical, Chemical, Botanical, Psy- chological, and Engineering departments all have important libraries. In 1901 the endowments of the univci-sity amounted to .$1,6.57,000. At the same time there were 89 professors and instructors and a student body of 872, of whom 94 were graduate students, 624 undergraduates, and 154 students in the Women's College. The presidents have been: James Manning, 1765-91; Jonathan Maxey, 1792-1802; Asa Mes- ser, 1802-26; Francis Wayland, 1827-55; Barnas Sears, 1855-67; Alexis Caswell, 1868-72; Ezekiel G. Robinson, 1872-89; Elisha B. Andrews, 1889- 98 ; Rev. William Herbert Perry Faunce, A.M., D.D., 1899 —. Consult: Broun University, An- nual Reports of President (Providence, 1869, et seq. ) ; E.xeeutive Board, Sketeh of the History and Present Organization of Brown University (Providence, 1861). BROWN'WOOD. A city and county-seat of Brown Couiily, Texas, 140 miles southwest of Dallas; on Pecan Bayou, and on the Fort Worth and Rio Grande and the Gulf. Colorado and Santa FG railroads (Map: Texas, E 4). It is the seat of Howard Payne College (IJaptistl and Daniel Baker College (Prcsliyterian), and has fine public, business, and cliurch buildings. The city has consideralile trade in cotton, wheat, pecan nuts, and hides, and its industrial interests are represented by cotton-gins, cottonseed-oil mills, flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. There are