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* BROWN. 563 BKOWN. Ocean. Consult OrifTis. .1 Mal-er of the Xeic Orient (Xew York, 1002). BROWN", Sanger (1852 — ). An American physician. He was born at Bloomfield (On- tario), Canada, graduated in ISSO at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College (Xew York City), was assistant physician at the Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane (White Plains, X. Y.) in 1882- 85, and acting medical superintendent there in 1886. In 1890 he was appointed professor of neurology in the Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago, and later became associate professor of medicine and clinical medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the same city. In his experiments with E. A. Schiifer at University College. London, in 1886-8". he was the first to demonstrate conclusively that in monkeys the occipital lobe is the centre of vision. BROWN, Thomas (1663-1704). An English wit and miscellaneous writer, born at Shifnal, Shropshire. He studied at Christ Church, Ox- ford, was usher and afterwards head master of a school at Kensington-on-Thames, and for several years maintained himself in London by trans- lating from Greek, Latin, Spanish, and French, and by composing those satirical pamphlets and poems which led Addison to refer to him as "of facetious memory." About 16iU he established the Lacedwmonian Mercury, early defunct. His Satyr on the French King got him into prison, whence he is said to have obtained his release by a plea couched in the form of a Pindaric ode. It must be confessed that considerable of his writing, such as the verses in which he apostro- phizes Durfey as 'thou cur' and 'thou mongrel,' is but the sheerest fury of abuse. He is prob- ably best known in connection with the story which relates that Dr. Fell, dean of Christ Church, had threatened him with expulsion: but, pacified by a supplicatory letter, agreed to let him off if he would make an extempore render- ing of Martial's epigram, i. 32: Non amo te. Sabidi. Dec possum dicere quare; Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo 1^. Brown is said to have responded forthwith: I do not love thee, Doctor Fell, The reason why I cannot tell; But this I know, and know full well, I do not love thee, Doctor Fell. BROWN, Thomas (1778-1820). A Scottish metaphysician, born at Kilmabreck, Kirkcud- brightshire. He went to Edinburgh in 1792, but without completing the course in arts he began the study of law, and shortly abandoned it for medicine. On completing his medical studies in 1803, he became (1806) the partner of Dr. Greg- ory in his large practice. But his strong bent was for literature and philosophical speculation. At the age of 20 he had published a refutation of Darwin's Zoonomia, and he contributed at the outset to the Edinburgh Itevieic. In 1804 ap- peared his Inquiry Into the Relation of Cause and Effect, in which he holds that there is noth- ing in a cause but the fact of immediate and invariable antecedence to the change called it,s effect. Dugald Stewart, professor of moral phi- losophy in the university, being obliged, from bad health, to retire in 1810, got Brown appoint- ed associate, and later as his successor, which office Brown continued to discharge till his death. He was popular as a professor, and his Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind went through a great many editions. He also wrote some commonplace poetry. In some im- portant respects Brown represented a reaction from the anti-human philosophy of Eeid and Stewart in the direction of Hume's views, but without Hume's skepticism. Indeed, he claimed that Ueid and Hume were not far apart, except in that the former emphasized the need of a faith in an external world the existence of which could not be proved. Brown followed Berkeley in making the consciousness of spatial external- ity a development out of temporal experience, and in general was true to the traditions of the -Associationists, making much of 'suggestion.' He is credited with having differentiated for the first time the important class of muscular sensa- tions. In his Lectures on Ethics (ed. by Dr. Chalmers, 1856), he derived the moral feeling from the social instincts. BROWN, Thomas Edwabd (1830-97). An English poet, born in the Isle of Man. the son of a Manx clergyman. After attending King Wil- liam's College (1845-49), he was admitted to a serv-itorship at Christ Church. Oxford (1849). Though he was much humbled by his quasi- menial position, his university career was very brilliant. He obtained a double first class (18.53) and a fellowship at Oriel (1854). After serving for a short time as vice-principal of King William's College, in his native island, and head master of the Crypt School, Gloucester, he became assistant master at Clifton College, Bristol, a post which he held for 30 years. In 1892 he resigned, and passed the rest of his life on the Isle of Man. He died October 29, 1897, at Clifton College, where he was on a visit. Brown's published poems comprise: Betsy Lee (1873); Fo'c's'le Yarns. Including Betsy Lee (1881) ; The Doctor and Other Poems (1887) ; The Manx "Witch and Other Poems (1889) ; and Old John and Other Poems (1893). Outside of Brown's friends, these poems attracted little at- tention in England and none at all in the LInited States. But when they were collected in 1900 and published simultaneously with two volumes of letters, all the leading reviews took them up. Written mainly in the Anglo-Manx dialect, they possess great charm through odd and picturesque phrases. For example, a periphrasis for morn- ing is "When the sun was jus' puttin' on his shoes." Though possessing marked lyrical quali- ties, they are mainly narrative, and thus have high significance aft^r the long reign of the lyric. Indeed, The Doctor is a psychological novel in verse. The most carefully drawn char- acter in the poems is Tom Baynes, a Manx sailor, who appears as narrator or actor. A like in- dividuality pervades the strong and manly let- ters, descriptive of travels, scenery, and work, interspersed with fresh criticisms of many writ- ers so opposite as Quarles and Flaubert. Con- sult Collected Poems and Letters (London and Xew York, 1900). BROWN, Thomas, the 1''ounger. The nom de plume signed to Thomas Moore's Intercepted Letters, or the Two-penny Post Bag. BROWN, Sir Wii.liam (1784-1864). An English merchant and philanthropist. He was born at Ballymena, Ireland, but in 1800 accom- panied his parents to Baltimore, Md., where in a few years he became his father's partner in