Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/617

* BRONZE. 541 BROOKE. L'age rfe la pierre et les metaiix f» VEgypte (Paris, 1896). BRONZEWING, Broxze - winged Pigeon, and Bronze I'k.eon. Xanies given in Australia tc pigeons, chieth" of the genus Phaps, on ac- count of tlie lustrous bronze color with which their wings are variously marked. They are otherwise also birds of l)eautiful plumage, — The Common Bronzewing, or bronze-winged ground dove (Phaps chalcoptcra), is distributed overall Australia, It is often .seen in flocks, feeds on the ground, and builds its nest chiefly on low branches of trees growing on meadow-lands or near water. It is a plump bird, often weighing fully a pound, and is acceptable at every table. — The Bbush Bronzewing, or little bronze pigeon (Phaps etegaiis) , is not so plentiful nor so widely distributed, chiefly inhabiting Tasmania and the southern parts of Australia, It inhabits low, swampy grounds, never perches on trees, re- sembles a partridge in its habits, and makes a loud burring noise like a partridge when it takes wing on being alarmed, — The Harleqvix Bronze- wing (Phaps histrioyiica) is found in the northwest parts of New South Wales in great flocks, feeding on seeds. — Some of the species of Geophaps, another genus, are also sometimes called bronzewing, BRONZING. The process of imparting a bronze-lifce or antique metallic appearance to the surface of metal, as copper and brass, ivory, plaster or clay, and wood. The bronze efi'ect on metals is frequently produced by beating bronze to thin leaves, similar to those of gold, which are then made into a paste with a size and applied to the metal. Sometimes bronze powders, such as mosaic gold or aurum musivum, which con- sists of equal parts of sulphur and white tin oxide melted together until they assume the appearance of a yellow, flaky powder, are em- ployed. The many bronze powders of various names, as, for instance, Dutch gold, are similar to the foregoing, and consist of various ingredi- ents, and are applied with size to the metal. Articles to which these various mixtures have been applied should be coated with a clear varnish, or otherwise the object will soon lose its metallic appearance. There are also a great number of bronzing liquids in which a metallic object may be dipped. They have a wide range of color as well as of composition, and formulas that are applicable to brass, copper, and zinc are to be found in the various technical receipt books. Among the well-known bronzing-liquids for gim-barrels is a mi.xture of I part nitric acid, 1 part sweet spirits of nitre, 2 parts alcohol, 4 parts copper sulphate, 2 parts tincture of iron chloride, and GO parts water. The green Patina effect of ancient bronze is frequently imitated by coating new articles with a liquid consisting of I part ammonium chloride, 3 parts cream of tar- tar, 3 parts common salt dissolved in 12 parts of boiling water, to which is added 8 parts of a solution of copper nitrate. An antique appear- ance is often produced on silver by exposing it to the fumes of ammonium sulphide, or immersing it in a similar solution. Ivory may be gilded by immersing it in a solution of ferrous sulphate and then in a solution of gold chloride; and to coat it with silver the ivory is dipped in a weak solu- tion of silver nitrate, after which it is immersed in clear water and exposed to the rays of the sun. The ivory then acquires a black color, which, on being rubbed, is changed to brilliant silver. In the bronzing of plaster or clay the figure is usually coated with an isinglass size until it will absorb no more. It is then slightly coated with gold size, and after drying, the figure is painted with bronze powder, and when com- pletely dry the surplus powder may be rubbed ofl", A bronze effect is produced on wood in a somewhat similar manner. The wood is first coated with a mixture of size and lampblack, and then a suitable bronze powder, as of Dutch metal or mosaic gold, is laid on with a brush, and when thoroughly dry rubbed with a soft woolen cloth, BRONZINO, bron-ze'nu, Agnolo, or A_ngiolo (1.51)2-721. An Italian painter, born at ilonti- celli. He was a pupil of .Jacopo da Pontornio, whom he assisted in many works, and painted in both fresco and oil. He painted many portraits, which are considered among the best of his time. In his historical pictures he is an evident imi- tator of Michelangelo, and ineontestably man- nered. Despite defects of coloring, his works are in the main .skillful. They include a "Descent of Christ into Limbo" (1.55'2, Uflizi Gallery, Flor- ence) ; Tjoung Sculptor" (Uffizi) ; "The Dead Christ" (Florence Academy) ; and a portrait of Duke Cosinio I, BROOCH, bruch (variant of broach; ME. broche, OF, broche, a spit. It, brocea, .split stick, from lied, Lat, broca. brocus. a spit; cf. Gael. brag, awl). An ornamental pin or instrument for fastening the dress, consisting for the most part either of a ring or disk or of a semicircle, there being a pin in either case passing aci'oss it, fastened at one end with a joint, and at the other with a hook. Brooches were much used in antiquity, and varied in form as much as in mod- ern times. They were worn both by men and women, and with a view both to ornament and use, from the time of Homer to the fall of the Western Empire. The oldest bit of Latin now known to be in existence is inscribed ujwn a brooch. See FiBri.. Pr.enestina. BROOCH OF VTJL'CAN, The. A title some- times given to Chaucer's Complaint of Mars, dealing with a brooch which Vulcan made at Thebes. BROOD BODY and BROOD BUD. See Veg-^ LT.TIVE ProPAG.TION. BROOK, Master. An alias adopted by the jealous Master Ford in Shakespeare's ilerry Trues of Windsor. In the disguise of this fic- titious character, he gains the confidence of Falstaff, who confesses that he has designs upon Ford's wife. BROOKE, Celia. A character in George Eliot's Middlemarch. She is the matter-of-fact sister of the heroine, Dorothea. BROOKE, Dorothea. The leading character of George Eliot's Middlemarch, with philanthrop- ic ideals. After an unsympathetic marriage with Casaubon, she remarries and abandons her former undefined strivings. BROOKE, Francis Key (1852—). 'An American Protestant Episcopal divine, Bishop of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. He was bom at Gambler, Ohio, and graduated at Kenyon Col- lege, Ohio, in 1.S74, He has held rectorships at Grace Church, College Hill, Ohio; Christ Church,