Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/612

* BRONCHUS. 536 BBONSABT VON SCHELLENDORF. in structure to the trachea itself. They are nearly round and cartilaginous in front, and flat, with muscular and fibrous tissue, behind, and are line<l with mucous membrane. Of these bronchi, one goes to each lung, the right being little more than an inch; the left, about two indies in length. On entering the substance of a lung, the bronclii divide into smaller branches, which again siibdividc, until they are no larger in diameter than one-fiftieth to one-thirtieth of an inch. These are the bronchioli. At the extremity of these smallest branches and open- ing into them are found clusters of small poly- hedral cells, the air-cells, which consist of elastic tissue, with a lining of mucous membrane, and beneath the latter a l.iyer of minute blood-ves- sels. For further details of the histology of the bronchi, see Respiration, Organs and Pro- cess OF. BRONDEL', .John B. (1842—). An Ameri- can Honuui Catholic divine, born in Bruges, Bel- gium. He studied in the American College of the University of Louvain, and in 1864 was or- dained priest in Mechlin. In 18ti he volunteered for missionary service in America, and was rec- tor of Steilacoora, Wash., from 1867 to 1877, when he was transferred to Walla Walla. He returned to Steilacooni in 1878, became Bishop of Vancouver Island in 1879, and was appointed administrator apostolic of Montana in 1883, and in the following year became Bishop of Helena. His labors among the Indians have been highly successful, and his influence among them has fre- quently enabled him to be of great service to the natiminl (invornment. BRONDSTED, bren'sted, Peter Olaf (1780- 1842). A Danish arehipologist. He studied at the University of Copenhagen. He then visited Italy and Greece, where he made excavations which fiimished valuable materials for the study of classical antiquity, and after bis return be- came professor in the University of Copenhagen. He wrote in six different languages. His principal work was Voyayes dann la Gricc acoompiiflnis de recherches archcolo;ii(]ues (1820). In addition to several smaller arcliieological papers, among which were An Account of Some Greek Va.i's l'(jund Near Viilci ( 1832) and an account of the bronzes of Siris (1837), he also made valuable contributions to Danish history. BRONGNIART, bro'nyiir'. Adolpiie TnlJo- DoitK (isul-7(i). A French liotanist, son of Alex- andre Brongniart. He studied medicine, and in 1826 received a diploma, but he subsequently devoted himself particularly to the study of the physiology of plants. In 1833 he became pro- fessor of botany at the .lardin des Plantes, in Paris, and in 1834 a member of the Academy of Sciences, succeeding Desfontaines. His principal work and one that gave him an international rejjutabion was his Hisloirc des vfgitaux fossiles (1828-47). BRONGNIART, Alex.vnure (1770-1847). A French naturalist. In 17!)0 he visited England for a scientilic examination of the Derbyshire mines and pottery works, and, on his return to France, published a Mcmoire sur I'art de Vimail- leiir. In 1797 he became professor of natural history in the Ecole Centrale. He was appointed in 1800 director of the porcelain manufactory of S6vres, where he developed the art of painting on glass. In 181') he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1822 he became professor of mineralogy in the Paris Museum of Natural History. His work on the Clansifica- tioii des reptiles (1807) was long the authority in hcr]ietology, and his Traitc flementaire dc ininiraloyie (1807) became a text-book for lec- turers. In connection with Cuvier he jniblished a famous work entitled Essai sur la geographic mineralngique des environs de Paris (1811). He also published in 1844 a Traite des arts efra- miques et des poteries, and other works on the products of the S6vres establishment. BRONIKOWSKI, bro'nf-kov'ske, Alexander ArcirsT Fekdixa.mi von (1783-1834). A German novelist, born in Dresden. He entered the Prus- sian Army, but retired from service in 1807. At the outbreak of the war against Russia he joined tlic I'olish contingent of the French Army and subsequently became a member of Marshal Vic- tor's stafl'. He wrote a nmnber of novels, drawn chielly from the history of Poland, which became veiy popular. His manner somewhat resembled the method of Scott, but he lacked depth. His best work is Bippohjt Boratgnski (4 vols., 1825- 20). He also published a Geschiehte Polens (1831). BRONN, bron, Heinrich Georg (1800-62). A German naturalist. He was born in Ziegel- hausen, and studied in Heidell)erg. In 1828 lie- became professor in the imiversity, and after Leuckart's departure from Heidelberg, Bronn was appointed director of the zoological collec- tion of the university. He wTote several impor- tant scientific treatises. His first was Sgstem der unreltiiehen Konchylien (1824), which was. followed by System der unreltiiehen Pflanzen- tierc (1825). His most important geological work was Lethcea Geognostiea (1830-381, on rock formations. Allgemeine Zoologie (18.50) was- the first attempt to develop zoiJlogii' in its entire- ty with reference to extinct organisms. He pib- lished, in 1860, a translation of Danvin's Origin of Species. BRONSART, broN'siir', Hans von (fult name Hans lironsart von Schellendorft') (1830 — ). A German pianist and composer. He was bom in Berlin, studied there under Kullak and Dehn, and in Weimar under Liszt; made several tours in (icrmany, France, and Russia, and directed the ICuterpe concerts in Leipzig (1800-02). In 1805 he became von IJiilow's successor as director of tlu' concerts of the Gcsellschaft der MiLsik- freunde in Berlin; from 1807 to 1887 Avas in- tcndant of the Royal Theatre in Hanover; and from 1887 to 1895 of that in Weimar. The most im])ortant of his works are compositions for the piaiuiforte, the best known being a trio in G minor and a concerto in F sharp minor. To these should be added a cantata, Christnachty for a double choir and orchestra, and Friihlings- phanlasie, for orchestra, often performed in (ier- many. BRONSART VON SCHELLENDORF, bn'.n'siirt lYm shel'lcn-dorf, Paii. ( 18:!2-!11 ) . A Prussian general, boru in Danzig. He entered the army in 1849, became lieutenant-colonel in 1809, and was attached to the headquarters- of the army during the Franco-Prussian War, serving as chief of division. Upon the capitula- tion of Sedan he was sent to the fortress to open the fiist negotiations with Napoleon III. In I8S3 he became Jlinister of War. It was he