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* BROCKWAY. 530 BBODBICK. 1900. He is still living in Eluiira. See Elmira Reformatokv ; Penology. BRO'DERICK, David Colbbetu (1819-59). An American politician. He was born in Wash- ington, the son of a stone-cutter; but early re- moved with his father to Xew York City, where he attended the public schools and afterwards learned his father's trade. He then kept a grog- shop for some time, became prominent as a leader of the rougher element in Tammany, and was chosen foreman of a volunteer fire-engine company, which had a considerable political in- fluence." He nevertheless devoted much of his time to private study, and by his moral habits and his personal integrity earned the respect of the better element in the city. In 1846 he failed to secure a coveted election to Congress, and three years later removed to California, where he soon became the recognized leader of one of the two factions into which the Democratic Party in the State was then divided. He was a member of the California Constitutional Convention in 1849. and served two terms in the State Senate, for part of the time as presiding officer. In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate, and soon became conspicuous for his opposition to the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution. In 18.50 he took an active part jn a rancorous political campaign in California, and, challenged at its close by Judge Terry on ac- count of certain strictures in one of his speeches, he fought a duel on September 13, in which he was fatally wounded. His death under such cir- cumstances caused a deep sensation in the East as well as in the West, and was generally at- tributed to the animosity aroused among slave- holders and their political sympathizers by Broderick's unyielding opposition to the fur- ther spread of slavery, especially in Kansas. BRODERIP, brod'rip, Wiluam John (1789- 1859) • -^11 English lawyer and naturalist. He graduated at Oxford, studied and practiced law, edited law reports, and was for thirty-four years a London police magistrate. His leisure, how- ever, was devoted to science, and he was a mem- l)er of most of the imjjortant societies. He con- tributed to their Tranxdclioiis, to the periodicals, and wrote the zoiilogical articles for the Penny Cyclopo'dia. His great conehological collection was purchased by tiie British Museum. BROD'HEAD, .John Eomeyh (1814-73). An American historian, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He removed with his parents to Xew York City in 1826, graduated at Rutgers College in 1831, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar, but soon abandoned the practice of law and devoted his attention almost entirelv to the study of the history of Xew York. For several years after 1839 iie was connected with the United States legation in Holland, and while there was ap- pointed ( 1841 ), in pursuance of an act of the Xew Y'ork Legislature, to prociire and transcribe docu- ments in European archives relating to the history of the State. He devoted himself to this task with great energv. and succeeded in collecting more than 5000 documents, many of which had been previouslv unknown to historians. "The ship in which he" came back," says Bancroft, "was more richly freigly;ed with new material for American history than anv that ever crossed the Atlantic." The documents were printed by the State, under the editorship of O'Callaghan and Fcrnow, as Documents Relating to the Colonial Bistory of the State of Xew York (14 vols., Albany, 1856- 86). From 1846 to 1849 Brodhead was secretary of legation in London, George Bancroft then being the United States Minister to England, and from 1853 to 1857 he was naval ollicer of the port of Xew York. His reputation rests chiefly on his History of the State of Xew York (2 vols., 1853-71), which is notable for its thorough schol- arship, its candor, and its painstaking accuracy, and which, though left incomplete, remains the standard work for the ])eriod covered — 1609 to 1691. Brodhead also publislied An Oration on the Conquest of Xew Xethciland (1864), and an address entitled Government of Sir Edmund An- dres Over Xew England (1867). BRO'DIE, Sir Bexjamin Collins (1783- 1862). An English surgeon. He studied under Sir Everard Home at Saint George's Hospital, to which he was elected assistant surgeon in 1808, and afterwards surgeon. He had previous- ly lectured both on anatomy and surgery. In 1810 he was elected a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, and in 1811 received its Copley Medal for physiological papers which he had contributed. In 1819 he was appointed professor of compara- tive anatomy in the Royal College of Surgeons, and later became president. He was also at- tending physician to George IV. William IV. made him sergeant-surgeon in 1832 and two years later a baronet. Brodie was also sergeant- surgeon to Queen Victoria and first surgeon in ordinary to the Prince Consort. In 1858 he was elected president of the Royal Society. He was a corresponding member of the Institute of France, and foreign member of other learned societies and academies in Europe and America. He published many medical works, which, to- gether with his Au'tohiograph;/. were issued in a collected edition in 1805. — His s(m, SirBenmamin Collins Bbodie (1817-80), became eminent aa a chemist, and published much on the sub- ject of chemistry. In 1855 he was elected Akl- richian professor of chemistry at O.xford, his Alma Mater, and received the degree of D.C.L. from that institution. BROD'RICK, Georqe Charles (1831-1903). An English educator, born at Castle Rising, Xorfolk. He was ctlucati'd at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, elected a fellow of Mer- ton College (1855), took the degree of LL.B. at the University of London (1858), and was called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn ( 1859) . He was a member of the London School Board (1877-79), and elected warden of Merton College (1881), a position which he held till his death. Brodrick took an active part in university ex- tension, and contributed largely to the jieriodi- cals. Among his works are I'olitieal Studies (1870); English Land and English Landlords (1881): .l/cmori(i/s of Merton College (1885): Short History of Oxford University (1886) ; and Memories and Impressions (1900). BRODRICK, William St. John Fbeemantle (ljS,5(— ). An English statesman. He giadu- ated in 1879 at Balliol College. O.xford. sat as a Conservative for West Surrey from 1880 to 1885. and from 1886 to 1892 was financial secretary to the War OlTice. In 1805-98 he was Under-Secre- tary of State for War. with power to direct war- office alVairs in the House of Commons, and in 1898 was appointed Under-Secretary of State for