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* BROAD-CHURCH PARTY. 526 BROADSIDE. Church as an institution than with reference to theology proper. It is in the field of doc- trinal belief that breadth is most apparent. The menibe-s of this school were strongly influ- enced by the writings of Coleridge and by mod- em German theology. They were acquainted with the advancing scientific investigation of their time, and aimed to counteract its ma- terialistic tendencies. Maurice is perhaps best kno«n as the theologian. Kingsley as the prac- tical worker and writer, and Robertson as the preailuT of the group. In religious aim and method they are akin to certain other liberal leaders of the Knglish Church in the Nineteenth Century, such as Archbishop Whately and the writers of "Essays and Reviews" (q.v. ). As champions of an earnest spiritual faith, Chris- tian yet free, the Broad Churchmen have exer- cised an influence far beyond the limits of their own communion, and their writings have been read not only in Great Britain and America, but also upon the Continent of Europe. Consult: John Tulloch, Movonent/s of Reli- gious Thought in Britain During thi- XineteeHth Centurtj (London, 1885) : John Hunt, Iteligious Thouqht in England in the Sineteenth Century (London, 1890). BROAD'HEAD, Garland Carr (1827—). An American geologist, born near Charlottes- ville, Albemarle County. Va. He studied at the University of the State of Missouri and at the Western Military Institute in Kentucky. From 1871 to 1873 he "was assistant State Geologist of Missouri, and from 1873 to 1875 was State Geologist. He was a member of the jury on geology at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposi- tion, and in 1881 was a special agent of the tenth census for rendering a report on the quar- rying industry of Missouri and Kansas. In 1884 he was made a member of the Missouri River Commission. For ten years, beginning in 1887, he was professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of ^Missouri. It was he who gave the name to "the Ozark series and to the Ozark plateau. He is regarded as an authority on the coal-measures of Missouri, on which he prepared a contribution to the Transactions (Vol. II., 1868) of tlie Saint Louis Academy of Science. He also wrqte a valuable report for nine coun- ties of central Illinois in Vol. VI. Illinois Geo- logical Survey lieports: Geological Survey of Missouri Iron Ores and Coal Fields (1873); Geological Surrey of Missouri (1873-74). BROAD-HEADED SNAKE. See Death- ADDKH. BROAD'HTTRST, Henry (1840—). An English legislator and lalior organizer. Tlie son of a journeyman stone-mason, he began at four- teen to follow his father's trade, and continued in it until 1872. In 1875 he became secretary of the Labor Representation League. He has been especially prominent in English labor movements, and in 1875 was secretary of the Parliamentary committees of the Trades Union Congress. In 1880 he was elected to Parliament for Stoke- upon-Trent; for Bordesley from 1885 to 1880; for Nottingham from 1886 to 1802: and in 1894 for Leicester. He became undersecretary to the Home OlHce in 1880; and has since served on various commissions appointed to investigate la- bor questions. BROADMOUTH, or BROADBILL. One of about a dozen species of small birds, distributed from the Ilinuilayas to the Philippines, and char- acterized by excessive breadth of beak. They con- stitute a family, Euryla-midie, the aflinities of which have been long disputed, but the best opinion now regards it as passerine. These birds are no larger than sparrows, inhabit the woods in small ilocks. are brilliant in plumage, but songless and lethargic, and are mainly frugivo- rous; but two species (of the genus Calypto- mena) are insect-eaters. These last "are remark- able for their rich green plumage and the way in which the frontal feathers project u])ward and forward, so as to . . . form a disk-like prominence." See Plate of Lyre-Biho, etc. BROAD RIVER. . stream of Nortli and South Carolina, rising in the Blue Ridge and joining with the Saluda to form the Congaree (Map: South Carolina, C 2) . The city of Columbia is at the junction of the two rivers. The country around Broad River is exceedingly fertile and productive. The stream is about 220 miles long and navigable for small vessels about 141 miles above Columbia. BROADS, The. An extensive marshy tract in the eastern part of Norfolk County, England. It is traversed by numeroxis navigable channels, and is a favorite resort of himters. BROADSIDE, or BROADSHEET. A va- riety of pamphlet, consisting normall.v of a single large sheet, printed on one side only, and most frecpiently without division into columns. The broadside flourished chiefly in England, and was in use from the invention of printing for roj'al proclamations, Papal indulgences, and similar documents. It made a considerable figure throughout western Europe, about the middle of the Sixteenth Century, in times of political agi- tation. In England it was very largely used for popular ballads, which were hawked about the streets. During the first ten years of Elizabeth's reign the names of no less than forty ballad- printers appear in the Stationers' Registers; but comparatively few specimens have been preserved from the reigns of the Tudoi' sovereigns or of James I. The broadside, as representing an out- burst of popular feeling, was more conunonly em- ployed during the Civil War, and si>ems to have reached its culminating jioint in the time of James 11. From that period, with the increa.se in the number of newspapers and llic liberty of the ju'css, it gradually died out, though still nu- merous even under the Georges. The collection of these sheets has always been a favorite pur- suit among antiquarians, though never so popu- lar as in recent years. Robert Burton, the au- thor of the Anatomy of Melancholy, was one of the earliest collectors. John Sclden nuide a con- siderable collection of broadside ballads, which passed at liis death to Pepys; the diarist hail 1801) English ballads, which, bound in live folio vohimes. arc now in the library of .Magilaleno College, C;unbridgc. One of the most famous eol- lections is (hat known by the name of the Duke of Rfixburghe, now in the British .Museiun. gath- ered chiefly by Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, and including 2048 broadsides, bound in three volumes. In 1898 Lord Crawford had. at Haigh Hall, Wigan. something likc> 19,000. For a mi- nute an<l scholarly description of the English part of these, consult liibliotheca Lindesiana (Aberdeen, 1898).