Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/580

* BRINDISI. 506 BRINTON. subsequently suffered greatly from wars and earthquakes. The principal buildings are the cathedral, where the Emperor Frederick II. was married to Yolande in liii.'); and the castle, com- menced hv Frederick II.. an<l finished by Charles V. The district around lirindisi is still remark- able for its fertility, olive-oil bcin^' inoduced in large quantities. Since the opcninj; of the Suez Canal and the construction of the Mont Cenis and Saint (Jotthard tunnels Brindisi has greatly increased in importanci', being the landing-place or point of departure for numerous steamship lines. Population, in 1881, 14,508; (commune) in 1901. 2.').:517. BMNDrLEY, .Umes (1716-7-2). An English engineer, born in Derbyshire. He was apprenticed at 17 to a millwright, but afterwards became an engineer, and in 1732 showed great ingenuity in contriving a water engine for draining a coal-mine. His invention of a silk-mill on a new plan and several other ingenious contrivances recommended liim to the Duke of Bridgewater. who employed him to build the canal between Worsley and Manchester. Thenceforth he devoted his great skill and genius to the construction of navigable canals, commencing the tJrand Trunk and com- pleting the Birmingham, Chesterfield, and others. He-was quite illiterate, and did most of his work in his head without written calculations or draw- ings. Consult Samuel Smiles. Lilies of the En- gineers, Vol. I. (London. 1861-2). BBINE (AS. hryne. literally, a burning, from heornan. to burn). The term applied to water highly impregnated with common salt. Briiie^ springs are those natural waters containing much salt, which in many parts of the world issue from fissures in the ground. Sec S.^.lt Si'RINu; and MiNEi!.L Wateks. BRINE - SHRIMP. A small branchiopod crustacean i.Artcmki siiUiia), which, unlike the gre.-iter number of animals of that group, is an inhabitant not of fresh, but of salt water. It is found in myriads swimming about in the brine of salt-pans previous to boiling, when, having been concentrated by exposure to sun and air for about a fortnight, it destroys the life of almost all other marine animals. The full-grown brine- shrimp is about half an inch long. One of the most curious things about this species is that it accustoms itself so readily to changes in the density of the water which it inhabits. It has been shown by experiment that if sufficient care is taken, these animals can, after a number of . generations, live in perfectly fresh water: hut, more remarkable still, it will then be found that they arc no longer Artemias at all. but are now BranrhiitUK staqnnlix. a common fresh - water branchiopod, generically dillerent from Artcmia. This is one of the most direct experimental proofs of evolution yet known, and also shows admirably the great effect of the environment upon I he" form and structure of animals. BRINJAREE (brin'-ja-re) DOG. The In- dian greyhound. See Creyiiound. BRINK, Bernhari) ten (1841-92). A Ger- ■man philologist. He was born in Amsterdam and studied in Miinster (18t)l-(>2) and Bonn (1862-0.')). He was professor of modern lan- guages at the University of Marburg (1870-7:!), and professor of English at Strasshurg (187:!- 02). Among his w-nrks are the following: Chaucer, Studien zur (leschichte seiner F.ntu'wkc- lung, Vol. I. (1870) ; Geschichtc der cnglischen lAttirattir, Vol. I., Chaucer to Wiclif (188!), translated into English by H. M. Kennedy, 1883) ; Vol. II., from Wiclif to the accession of Elizabeth, 2d ed. by von Brandl (Berlin, 180;?), in some respects the best history of English lit- erature extant; Chaucrrs t^prache und Verskunst (Leipzig, 1884; •2d .ed.. ih., 1899); licowulf, Vntersurhvngen (Strassburg, 1888); Shake- speare: Fiinf Vorlesiingeii (ib., 1893; English translation, entitled Fire Lectures on Shake- speare, by ,Tulia Franklin, New York. 189.ii. He also pulilished editions of Chaucer's Prologue to the Canterbury Tales (ilarhurg, 1871). and of the Compleiinte to Pite (among the writings of the Chaucer Society, London). BRINK. .Tan- ten (1834-1901). A Dutch au- thor, born in Appingedam. He studied in Utrecht, went in 1800 as tutor to Batavia, from 1802 to 1884 Mas instructor in the Dutch language and literature in the Gymnasium of The Hague, and in the latter year was appointed professor of the history of Dutch literature in the University of Leyden. His works, composed chiefly of studies in literary criticism, and stories, include Jiulu( r Lytlon. Biiigrafie en kritick ("Bulwer Lj'tton: A Biography and a Criticism," Haarlem, 1873) ; Letterkundige schetsen ("Literary Sketches." ib., 1874-7.5) ; Geschiedenis der yoord-eder- landsche letteren in de XIX. eeuio (Amsterdam, 'A vols., 1888-89) ; and Ro7nans en norellrn (Leyden, 13 vols., 1885). His complete works in belles-lettres h.ave appeared in seventeen vol- umes, as Litterarische .schetsen en kritieken ("Literary Sketches and Critiques." Leyden, 1882-88)." BRINK'ERHOFF, Roeliff (1828—). An American banker, philanthropist, and penologist, bom in Owasco. N. Y., .June 28. 1828. He has been for years the central figure in the N.ational Prison Congresses as well as a prominent worker in the National Conferences of Charities and Cor- rection. Since 1878 he has been a member of the State Board of Charities of Ohio, and for many years its chairman. Through his efforts the public charitable and penological work in Ohio has l>een maintained at a high level of efliciency. General Brinkerhoff enlisted in the volunteer army in the Civil War. attained the rank of colonel, and was brevetted brigadier-general for meritorious service. He is the author of nu- merous articles and has published addresses on ]ihilanthrcipic subjects. BRIN'TON, Daniel Garrison (1837-99). An American archa'ologist and ethnologist. He was born at Tliornbury. Pa., graduated at Yale in 1858, and at .Tetlerson Medical College in 1801, and subsequently studied in Paris and Heidelberg. He served in the army as a surgeon, was editor of the Medical and Surgical lirporlrr from 1807 to 1887. ;uid became professor of ethnologj- at the Philadcl])hia .cadcmy of Natu- ral Sciences in 1884, and of .merican linguistics and archa-ologj- in the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1880. In 1894 he was president of the American Association for the .Vdvancement of Science. His chief works were The Myths of the Xew World (1808); The Reliiiious Sentiment (1876); Amerirnn Hero .Myths (1882); Ifnces and Peoples (1890) ; 'y/i" Anieriran Itace (1892) ; and Religions of Primitire Peoples (1897). Per- haps his richest contribution to anthropology