Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/578

* BRIGHT'S DISEASE. 504 BRIHASPATI. size or small. Its surface may be smooth or nodular. The cortex may be thickened and white, or mottled. The epithelium of the tu- bules may be flattened by exudate, or swollen and granular. Some tubules are of normal size, others are dilated, while still others are compressed b_v the new connective tissue. With- in the hiniina are coagulated albumen, disin- tegrated epithelium, and red and white blood- cells. In the glomeruli there is an increase in the connective-tissue elements with atrophy, and the capillaries may show waxy degenera- tion. There is an increase in the interstitial connective tissue of the kidney, but it is not extensive. The arteries often show increased thickness of walls. In chronic diffuse iit/lnmnw- Hon, without exudation, or cirrhonis of the kid- ney, the kidney is apt to be small, its surface rough, and its capsule adherent. Rarely the kidneys are large. The increase in connective tissue is the most marked feature, and is often extreme. Dependent upon or determining this increase in connective tissue is atrophy of the tubules and of the glomeruli. The tubules are sometimes greatly swollen, and form casts. The blood-vessel walls are usually thickened, and the capillaries of the glomeruli may show waxy changes. See Albuminuria : and Kidney. Con- sult Osier, PrincipJes and Practice of Medicine (New York, 1901). BRIGITTINES, brij'it-tinz, or Order of Our S.wiocK. An order founded in 1346, as a branch of the Augustinians, by Saint Bridget, or Brigit- ta, of Sweden. It took in both men and women. The first monastery, which was also the mother house of the order, was on the founder's estate at Vadstena, on the eastern bank of Lake Vet- tern, southwest of Stockholm. At the other houses of the order the monks and nuns in- habited contiguous buildings, but never .saw each other, and each sex governed its own aflairs. Their occupations were largely literary, and they prepared Swedish translations of reli- gious works, mostly of evangelical tendency. The order spread through Scandinavia and Fin- land; al.so into Holland, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Henry V. (14i;i-22) introduced it into Kngland, and founded Sion House, near Brent- wood, "li; miles west of London. Henry VIII. suppressed it, with other religious orders. Mary reestablished it, but Elizabeth again suppressed it. The nuns then went to Portugal, and opened their liouse in Lisbon. In 1861 some of their successors came back and opened a house in Spetisbury, Dorsetshire. I.,ater on it was moved to its present site, C'liudlcigh, near Exeter. In Sweden the order had so firm a hold that the mother house was not suppressed till l.*););), when most of the houses outside had ceased to exist. The order was revived in Belgium as Brothers of the Revised Brigittine Order, and in Spain as Nuns of the Order of Saint Bridget, and there it has now half a dozen convents. Only four convents of the original order now are found — ■ one in Bavaria, at AUoniiinstcr, two in Holland, and the one mentioned in Kngland. For the his- tory of the order in Sweden, consult: .S'cn/i/orr.s Rerum Svecicarum Mcdii .T'hi I. (SU)ckh(din, 1871); also llislory of the English lirigittine Nuns (Plymouth, 1886). The Basel reformer CEcolampadius was a Brigittine monk. BRIGLIADORO, bre'lya-dr/ro (It., from hrigliti, bridle + d' = rfi, of + oro, Lat. aurum, gold ) . The name given to Orlando's steed in Boiardo's Orlando Innamorata, on account of the splendor with which he was bridled. BRIGNOLES, bre'nyil'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Var, France, on the Calami. 22 miles southwest of Dragui- gnan ( Map : France, N 8 ) . It is picturcs(|uely situated in a fertile valley, surrounded by forest- clad hills, and has some fine old buildings. The l)alace of the Counts of Provence is <H-cu])ied by the prefecture; the Templars' house is now a theological seminary. Brignoles has tanneries, potteries, silk, woolen, and cloth manufactures, and a trade in brandy, wines, prunes, and olives. The town was known as 'illa Puerorum in con- nection with the rearing of the children of the Counts of Provence. It was captured and sacked bv Charles V. in 1524 and by the Leaguers in 1528. Population, in 1901, of town, 3904; of commune, 4748. BRIGNOLI, bre-nyo'lf, Pasquale (1824- 84). An Italian tenor, born in Naples. He re- ceived an excellent musical training, at first in piano, and later in singing. He appeared with great success in concert and opera, in Paris, Lon- don, and the principal cities of Euro])c; then came to the United States, under Strakosch, in 1855, and for a quarter of a century was one of the most popular operatic tenors. He sang with Patti at her debut, and appeared with all the great singers of his time — Parepa-Rosa. La Grange, Tietjens, and Nilsson among llicm. Uri- gnoli's voice was a true tenor of beautiful ipialily, great carrying power, and wonderful fiexibility. His vocalization and phrasing were of the high- est order, but he lacked grace in figure, and was a poor actor. He received high prices for hi3 singing, yet he died in New York a poor man. BRIGS OF AYR, The. A delightfully humor- ous little jioem by Robert Burns, reporting an imaginary colloquy between the old aim new bridges (Scot, brigs) over the Ayr. Tlic old 'lirig' resents the pretensions of the nevv-comer, and its jietulance is vented in a way very true to human nature. BRIHASPATI, bri-hus'pa-t.S or BRHAS- PATI, br'lius'p;i-le (Skt. Itrhiisimti). A Hindu god prominent in the Kig-Veda, but of less im- jKjrtance in the later mythology of India. His name appears frequently also in Wie form Itrah- mamspali, 'Lord of Strength,' or 'Lord of Prayer' (brahman), and as the incarnation of the !)TO/i»inii-lord he appears to have been the prototype of the god Brahma, the head of the later ilindu Trinity. (See Brahma.) Like the latter, also, he is 'father of tlic gods,' although himself begotten by Tvaslitar, the artificer. He is ])ortriiycd in "the Yedas as having seven mouths, seven rays, a hundred wings, sharp horns, and armed with bow an<l arrows and a hatchet; he is rud<ly and bright, dispelling the darkness; and he rides upon a chariot drawn by ruddy steeds. Many of his attributes, and espe- cially his aspect as a divine priest ])n'siding over devotion and sacrifice, recall Agni. the god of fire, of whom he is regarded by many scludars merely as a variety. But his close connection with Indra (((.v.) in the Vcdic hymns leads others to consider Brihaspati in his sacerdotal character as a priestly abstraction of Indra. In