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* BKIGANDAGE. 500 BBIGHAM. Strumitza, not far from the place where they hail been captured. The good character of the brigands was attested by the released women, ■who declared that they had been treated with all kindness and consideration consistent with the relation of captors and prisoners. Of the I'nited States and of its road-agents and trainrobljers. little need he said. Though fast dying out, the race still exists in the West. The memory of the most famous of American brig- ands, Jesse James, is still fresh in the minds of men. Consult Nicotri. Mafia c brigantaggio in .Sirilia (Kome. 1900). BBIG'ANDINE, ,]r BRIG'ANTINE (from hrigand, a foot-soldier; later brigand). In me- diseval armor, an assemblage of small plates of iron, sewed upon quilted linen or leather, and covered with a similar substance forming a sort of coat or tunic. It was lighter than the corselet, more effective than the hauberk, and cheaper than either, so that it came into common use. The brigandine was named from the brigands, a light-armed, irregular soldiery of the Foui'teenth and Fifteenth centuries, resembling the Turkish Kurds and Bashi-bazuks of recent days, and, like them, addicted to marauding and pilfering; hence the English word brigand. BBIGGS, Charles Augustus (1841 — ). An American theologian. He was born in New York City, January 15, 1841 ; studied at Uni- versity of Virginia, graduated at Union Theo- logical Seminary, New York, 18(33: studied at University of Berlin, Prussia, 186(3-00, and was ordained (Presbyterian) 1870. He was pastor at Roselle, N. J., from 1870 to 1874; professor of Hebrew and cognate languages in Union Theo- logical Seminary, New York, 1874-91, and has since been professor of biblical theology in the same institution. His inaugural address on taking this latter chair (.January '20. 1891), on The Aulliority of the Holy Srripturcr^, contained statements respecting the Bible, inspiration, and the i>Iace of reason in religion which were the subject of charges for heresy befoi-e the Presby- tery of New York ; which, liowever, after a si.^c weeks' trial, acquitted him (December, 1892). Those who were dissatisfied with this verdict brought his case before the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in May, 1893, and by that body be was suspended from the minis- try, but tile Seminary refused to remove him. He entered the ministry of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in 1897. He is the author of Hiblical fit mil/ (1883), enlarged and rewritten, and entitled Qeneral Introduction to the Uludy of Holy Scripture (1899): American I'resbyte- riani.im: It.i Origin and Karly History (to 177.')), together with an appendix of letters and docu- ments which have recently been discovered (188.5) — an exceptionally important volume, showing the author's cai)acity for original his- torical research: Mcxsianic Pri>]ihccy : A Study of the Messianic Passages of the Old Testament (188(i): Whitherf A Theological Question for the Times (1889): The Bible, the Church, and the Reason (1892); The Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch (1893) ; The Messiah and the (Jos- pels (1894); The Messiah of the Apostles (1895). BRIGGS, Cn.Ri.ES FREDEBiriv (1804-77). An American journalist and author, well known under the )iscu(l(inyni of 'Harry Franco.' He was born at Nantucket, Mass. In 1844 he started at New York the ISroaduay Journal, of which, the following year, Edgar Allan Poe becameassociate editor. His next important editorial work was on Putnam's Magazine (1853-56) in connection with George William Curtis and Parke (iodwin. Later he served on the Times, the Evening Mir- ror, the Brooklyn Union, and, finally, the Inde- pendent. His Harry Franco: A Tale of the (Ireaf Panic (1839) was followed by a series of works dealing more or less humorously with life in New York City. Selections from his occasional verses appeared in Seaweeds from the Shores of Nantucket (1853). Briggs is quite frequently mentioned in Lowell's early correspondence. BRIGGS, George Nixon (1796-1801). An American ])olitician. Governor of Massachusetts from 1844 to 1851. He was born in Adams, Mass., was admitted to the bar in 1818, and soon attained great prominence as a criminal lawyer. He served in Congress from 1831 to 1843. He was subsequently a judge of the Common Pleas (1851-56) : was one of the founders of the Re- publican Party in his State, and for sixteen years was a trustee of WMllianis College. Con- sult Richards, Great in Goodness (Boston, 1866). BRIGGS, Henry (1561-1631). An English mathematician, born at Warley Wood, in York- shire. He received his education at Cambridge, where he became examiner and lecturer in 1592. In 1596 he was made professor of geometry in the newly founded Gresham College, London, and in 1619 was invited to fill the chair of astronomy at Oxford, but resigned this position in 1020. Briggs made a number of interesting contributions to mathematics and astronomy, but he is justly celebrated for his invention of the ordinary decimal system of logarithms. In 1016 he went to Scotland to see Napier, with whom the general idea of logarithms had origi- nated some time previously. "My Lonl." he said to Napier, "I have undertaken this jinirney pur- posely to see j'our person, and to know by what engine of wit or ingenuity you came first to think of this most excellent help unto astron- omy, viz. the logarithms ; hut, my Lord, being by you found out, I wonder nobody else fcnmd it out before, when now known it is so easy." (Lilly. History of His Life and Times.) Uriggs devoted many years of his life to the calculation of logarithmic tables, his system being still known as Briggs's Logarithm's. His published works include: Logarithmorum Cliilias Prima (1017) : Lueubrationes et .Xnnotationes in Opera Posthuma J. Ncperi (1619) ; .Arithmetica Lo- aarithmica (1624): Trigonometria Brilannica (1633). See Logarithms. BRIGHAM, brig'om. A city and county-seat of Box Elder County, Utah, 20 miles north of Ogden. on the Oregon Short Line, and near the Southern Pacific Kailroail (lla]>: Utah. 15 1). It contains a public lilirary. The city is engaged principally in fruitgrowing and general agri- culture, though there arc a woolen-mill, tannery, planing-mill, ami lumber-yards. The water- works are owned and operaU'd bv the municipal- ity. I'upuliilion, in 1890, 2139; "in 1900, 2859. BRIGHAM, Amakiaii (1798-1849). An American physician, who devoted nnich attention to the study of insanity. He was born in New Marlborough. Mass.. and was eminent as a physi-