Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/532

* BREVIARY. 470 BREWER. breviaries are the Mozaraliic. once general throughout Spain, and the Anibrosian. tradi- tional in liihin from the days of Saint .Vnibrose. Pope Pins V. abolished all that could not show an antiquity of two hundred years; and at the present d,v the Roman l)rcviary is almost uni- versally used, with the exception of some slight calendar variations among the religious or- ders. It was systematized by Gregory VII. (1073-85), receiA'cd its practically final form under Pius V. in 1568, with subsequent revision in detail by Clement VIII. (1602) and Urban VIII. (1634), and additions of new offices and feasts by all the later popes. The great number of new saints' days has rendered the ordinary ferial or week-day office very uncommon; and Leo XIll., in 18S3", permitted the substitution for it, on days when it would naturally occur, of a 'votive' or voluntary office of a festival character, difi'ering according to the days of the week. There is a tendency in favor of shortening the office, whose recitation, even in private, occupies at least an hour and a half every day. So compli- cated has the system become {hat a sort of annual almanac, called Ordo Recifandi Divini Officii, is published in many countries, contain- ing minute directions as to what is to be read. The need of simplification led Cardinal Quignon or Quifiones, a Spaniard, to publish a reformed breviary in 1535, which, while it was never wide- ly used, gave the English reformers a number of hints for their simplified and condensed prayer- book (q.v. ). The canonical hours are seven: Matins and lauds (forming practically one service), prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, and compline. Matins was supposed to be, and is in monasteries, sung in the night ; the other offices are called the day hours, and are published in separate form, for convenience, under the title Uorw Diiirnw. Lauds and vespers are the most important of these services, containing the 'evangelical canticles' (the Benedictus at lauds and the Mnfitiificnt at vespers), and being sung with more ritual solem- nity. The names prime, terce, sext, and nones refer to the times at which they were originally recited — the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours of the day. Compline {completorium, the com- pletion of the cycle) was recited at bedtime. Those who recite" them privately, however, do so at any convenient time, and frequently join two or more offices together. The daily recitation of the breviary is strictly obligatory on all clerics and all 'choir' members of religious orders (as distinguished from lay brothers or sisters). The use of the breviary as a book of private devotion by laymen has become rare since the multiplica- tion of devotional works of difTerent kinds, but at present shows some tendency to increa.se; and it has always been a common custom to sing vespers or compline, at least on Sundays, in parochial churches. The contents of the breviary, after the general rubrics, tables, calendar, etc., fall into five parts: (1) The Psalter, or original arrangement of the Psalms and prayers for the days of the week. (2) The Proper of the Season, contain- ing the service for Christmas. Easter, Pentecost, and the seasons dependent on them. (3) The Proper of Saints, for the numerous special feasts which recur on a fixed anniversary. (4) The Common of Saints, parts of the service which belong to classes of saints, as apostles, martyrs, confessors, etc. (5) Several minor services, in- cluding the office of the dead and the little office of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The breviary as a whole forms a marvelous storehouse of powerful and tender religious thought; and as by far the largest part of its contents is in the language of Scripture, it is invested with much grandeur and vitality, while the lessons from the fathers and the lives of the saints read at matins con- tain a mass of scriptural, historical, and theo- logical knowledge. Consult: Tiic Roman Hre- viary (a complete English translation by .John, third Marquis of Bute. 2 vols., Loudon, 187!)) ; Batifl'ol, Histoire du brcriaire romain (Paris, 1893) ; Pleitner, Acltculc (Icschichle dcs lirciitr- yebcis (Kempter, 1887); Biiunier, Grschith ti- des Breviers (Freiburg, 1895). For a scholarly modern edition of Quignon's breviary, consult Legg (Cambridge, 1888). BRE'VIARY OF AL'ARIC {Drei-iarium Alarifiiiii) . An important collection of Roman laws, compiled by order of Alaric II.. King of the Visigoths, in the first decade of the Sixth Century a.d. It corresponds historically to the code of laws promulgated by Thcodoric, King of the Ostrogoths {Kdicttim Thcodorici), the Salic Law (Lex Kalica) and Ripuarian Law {Lex Ri- I'Uaria) of the Franks, and other similar codes of that period. The primitive conception of la^ as of personal and not territorial application, com- pelled the barbarian invaders to administer two systems of law, one for their barbarian fol- low-ers, and the other for the Roman inliabitants of the territory occupied by them. The Breviary of Alaric II. was a code designed for the Roman subjects of the invader, and was almost ex- clusively Roman in character. It was made up of extensive abridgments of the Code and Novels of Theodosius, the Institutes of Gains, and other recognized authorities. These texts were accom- panied by an elaborate commentary, called the interpretatio. A corresponding code promulgat- ed by Alaric for his barl)arian subject*, and containing their own native law, was known as the Forum ■ludiriim and Jiidiciim Liber. This was of the character of other iirimitive codes, as the Anglo-Sa.xon laws, the ancient Brehon law of Ireland, etc., though tinctured, more than these, with the influence of Rome. The two codes together constitute the hex Visigolhorum. (See Civil IjAW.) Consult Lee, Historical Jurispru- dence (New York, 1900). See .Vlabic II. BREVIER. See Printing. BREVOORT', .JA.MKS RI•:NW^cK (1832—). An -American painter, liorn inVest<hcstcr Coun- ty, N. V. He studied architecture under Ken- wick in New York, and painting under Thomas Cummings. In 18G3 he was elecU'd a member of the National Academy, and in 1872 was ap- pointed its professor of perspective. He lived for some time in Italy. His works, chiefly land- scapes, include "Lago Maggiore," "November Winds," "Scene in Holland, near Arnheim," "(Jroup of Houses and Boats, Lake of Como," "Castle of Heidelberg— Sunset," "On the Gulf of Salerno," and "A Swiss Scene." BREWER. A city in Penobscot County, Maine, on the Penobscot River, opposite Bangor, with which it is connected by a bridge, and on two branches of the Maine Central Railroad (Map: Maine, F 6). It has lumber, paper, and pulp mills, and shipbuilding yards. Brewer was