Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/531

* BREUGHEL. 469 BREVIARY. landscapes, adornoil with many small fi<;iiros. He painted the landsi-apos for many prominent fi<;uro-painters. especially for Rubens, in such important works as ""Vertumnus and Pomona." the "Satyr Viewinji a Sleeping Xymph." and the "Terrestrial Paradise." The Museum of Dresden lias seventeen of his landsca])es. and the Munich Gallery equally as many. There is hardly an im- portant <;allery in Europe which does not possess works liy one or more of this family ; there are sev- eral examples in the Metropolitan Museum. New York. Consult Michel, Les Brueghel ( Paris, 1892 ) . BREUL. broil, K.HL Uekma.n.n (ISGO— ). A German-Eniilish scholar. He was born in Han- over. He studied from 1878 to 1883 at the uni- versities of Tubinf,'en, Strassburg. and Berlin. and in 1884 was appointed lecturer in Oerman at the University of Cambridfrc. In ISS.i he wasalsoap- pointed lecturer in German at Girton and Xe i- iiam colleges. He has been examiner to the uni- versities of Cambrid<;e and Oxford, to London X'niversity, and to the Royal University of Ire- land, and in 1807 became sub-editor oitheilodeni Quarterly of hanquages and Literature. He is among those who seek to introduce into England the educational methods of Germany. His publi- cations include editions of (1889) HaufT's Das Bild des Kaisers (1890), Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, and (1899) Goethe's Iphigcnie; a Handy Biographical Guide to the fftudy of the German language and Literature (189.5); Das hiihere ><chuluesen Gros.ibritanniens (1897); and The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in our Secondary Schools (1898). BRE'VE, brev (It. hreve, from Lat. hrevis, short). In general, a short writ, or royal mandate or summons. Specifically, in the prac- tice of the Scotch law, since the institution of J,he Court of Session (1532), a writ issuing out of chancery in the name of the Crown, to a judge, authorizing and directing him to try by jury the allegations of fact contained in the writ. Formerly these breves — correspond- ing to the urits and pleas of English legal procedure — were the foundation of almost all civil actions in Scotland; but with a simplified procedure they have gradually fallen into desue- tude. They are retained, however, in a limited number of special proceedings, as in the appoint- ment of a guardian to a minor or a lunatic, in the partition of an inheritance among several heirs, and in proceedings on the part of a widow to recover her dower. See Chanceby; Pleas; Writ. BRE'VE (It., from Lat. hrevis. short). A note in music, found in early ecclesiastical nota- tion, having the value of two whole notes or semi-breves. In the measured strains of the old church music, melodies moved slowly. About the Eleventh Century the two principal notes in use were the longa, ^ and the brcvis, ■, the first being twice or three times the length of the sec- ond, according to the measure used. So the hrevis, or breve, the longest note possible in mod- ern notation, was then considered a 'short' note, as its name implies. .t that time all notes were black, or 'filled in.' When, in the Fifteenth Cen- tury, white or 'open' notes came into use, the breve was printed |=| and still later |c(. Either of these later forms is used in the rare instances when it is introduced into modern music. See Alla Bbex. BREVET' (OF. brievet, Fr. brevet, dim. of fc)<7', from Lat. brevis, short, the commission being a brief w-riting). A military commission endowing its recipient with a higlier rank and title than he would otherwise Im entitled to, or than that for which he draws pay. In French usage it applies to commissions in general. In England and the United States it has particular application to a special or higher commission, which is conferred as a mark of distinction, but which does not carry with it any increase in pay. In tlic United States such officers are addressed oiticially and otherwise by their brevet rank: but in England such is the case only by courtesy, while officially both titles are used, as, for exam- ple, "Major and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Smith." Originally the term designated a pro- motion given on such occasions as a coronation, or the tennination of a great war, and had its origin during the reign of .lames II. (108.5-88) ; but it was abused so frequently and to such an extent, by the general award of brevet commis- sions, that in 1854, during and after the Crimean War, its bestowal was limited strictly to cases of very distinguished service in the field, and on the principle of seniority. A regimental officer holding a brevet rank only takes the precedence due his rank when in the field; for regimental, purposes he ranks according to his regimental seniority. In the United States breret titles were given during the Indian, Civil, and Spanish wars for 'conspicuous gallantry,' 'gallant and meritorious service,' etc. Such officers are rec- ommended to the President, who nominates them and sends the commissions to the Senate for con- firmation. Brevet commissions range in rank from first lieutenant to lieutenant-general. In England brevet commissions are confined to not lower than the rank of captain, or higher than lieutenant-colonel. BRE'VIA'RIUM OF ETTTROTITTS, The. A treatise by Eutropius. and his only extant work, narrating in ten short books the events from the founding of Rome to the accession of Valens. ..n. 364. to whom the history is dedi- cated. The work is abridged from Livy, Sue- tonius, and late writers. Errors of state- ment are few and the style is remarkably good for the time of its production. A Greek version, made about a.d. 380, is still extant. The Bre- riariuni has been much drawn upon as a basis for other manuals, and many editions have appeared, the most complete critical edition being that of H. Droysen. BRE'VIART (Lat. hreviarium, abridgment, .ibstract. from hrevis, brief, short). The service- book, among Roman Catholics, which contains what is called the 'divine office,' or the sen'ice for the can(mical hours. From very early Christian times, the regular recitation of the Psalms of David formed a large part of the public and pri- vate devotion ; it was develojicd in the West by the monks, whose life included frequent meeting for prayer, and still forms the groundwork or nucleus of the.se offices. Around it grew up a whole system of hymns, prayers, antiphons (q.v.), responses, and readings from Holy Scrip- ture, which forms a very varied and complicated service. Before the Sixteenth Century there was an infinite number of local uses, nearly everj- dio- cese bavimr its own breviary. The most ancient and liturgically important of the non-Roman