Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/521

* BREITHAUPT. 459 BREMEN. BREITHAITPT, brifhoupt, Johann August Friedbici! (1791-1873). A German mineralo- gist. He was born at Probstzella, Thuringia, and studieJ at the University of Jena, and at the Academy of Freiberg. Here he received an ap- pointment in 1813 as teacher and lapidary, and in 1827 became professor. He wrote I'eber die Kchthcit drr Krystalle (1816) and Vollstandige Charalcleristik des ilineralsystems (1820; 3d improved ed.. 1832). He also continued UotT- mann's Handbuch der Mineralogic, adding five chapters to this valuable work. Toward the clo.se of his life he became almost totally blind. He increased the nomenclature of crystallography, and introduced the sccalled Proyrcssioustheoric, which seeks to derive every species of crystal from a few isometric forms. He also carefully e.amined almost all the minerals known in his day. and took 3000 measurements of calcareous spar alone. The opening of the great coal-fields at Zwickau, in Saxony, was due to his initiative. His other publications include Die Paragenesis der .finernliei! (1849) and Die Bergstadt Frei- berg i H2r>: 2d ed., 1847). BREITKOPF, brit'k6pf, Joh.vn'n Gottlob Imm.mel (1719-94). A German printer and proprietor of a weU-known publishing house of I.eipzig, established in 1(564. and known as Breit- kopf & H.irtel since 1795. He was born in Leipzig, and graduated from the university of that city. His investigations in history and mathematics led him to a scientific study of printing, which resulted in a more artistic devel- opment of German text, and an improvement of musical notation (1754). At the time of Breit- kopf, the old form of musical notation had been almost forgotten. Compositions were either writ- ten or engraved, and the form of printing music now principally used is undoubtedly due to his initiative. His writings include the following: Veber die Geschichte der Erfindung d^r Buch- druckerkunst (Leipzig, 1779) ; Veber den Druck der ijeographischen Karten (3 parts, Leipzig, 1777-7'jI. BREITMAN, brit'man, Haxs. See Lelanb, Chables Godfrey. BREKELENKA.M, bra'ke-len'kam. Qctrtx ( 1620-68 ) . A Dutch genre painter. He was bom at Zwammerdam, near Leyden, and was probably a pupil of Gerard Dou. He depicted principally scenes from folk-life, market scenes, and domestic interiors. His works are characterized by sim- plicity and remarkably effective coloring. The following are a list of his principal paintings: '"The Fireside"' ( 1064. National Gallery. Amster- dam) ; ''Monk Writing" (Louvre) ; "Consulta- tion" (ibid.l; "Interior" (1662, ^Museum of Lille); "The Sandwich" (Leyden Museum); "Saying Grace" (Cassel Gallery); "'Game of Cards" ( Brunswick Museum ) ; "'A Brazier" ( .ugsburg Gallery ) . BREM'EN, der. pron. bra'mcn (Brema, Bre- mon of the Eighth Century, possibly the Pha- biranuin of Ptolemy). A State and fre<' city of Germanv, on the Weser, about 50 miles from its mouth. ■ Latitude 53° .5' X., longitude 8° 48' E. (Map: Germany, C 2). The State comprises an area of 99 square miles, the city, of only ten square miles. The latter, however, holds nearly three-fourths of the total population of the State. In addition to the city of Bremen the State of Vol.. III.— ai. Bremen contains the cities of Vegesack and Bremerhaven. Bremen is divided into the old and the new town — the former on the right, the latter on the left side of the river, which is spanned by four bridges. The old town has crooked, narrow streets and a quaint apjjearance; it forms the business district of the city. The new towTi has broad, straight, well laid out streets lined with tall handsome buildings. The ramparts and bastions round the old town have been leveled, and the site converted into public promenades, which are laid out with excellent taste. Among the principal buildings, the cathe- dral (built about IIGO), the Gothic town hall (begun about 1405), with its famous wine-cellar, said to contain hock of the vintage of 1624, the exchange museum, the post-office, and the observa- tory of Olbers, from which he discovered the planetoids Pallas and Vesta, are noteworthy. The situation of Bremen makes it a great emporium of northwest Prussia. Besides its excellent water communication, it is connected by railways with the whole of western and central Germany. Large vessels stop at Bremerhaven, where there is a spacious harbor constructed about 38 miles below Bremen. Vessels not draw- ing more than seven feet of water can come up to the town itself. Altogether there are four harbors, including the 'Safety' or original har- bor. Bremen carries on an extensive commerce with European countries, the United States of America, the West Indies, Africa, the East In- dies, China, and Australia, and is the largest port in the Empire of Germany next to Ham- burg. This commerce has shown a remarkable development since 1847, rising from 197,000,000 marks in that year, to 1,276,000,000 in 1891, and it has since increased, as is shown further on. The chief imports are tobacco, coffee, sugar, cot- ton, rice, skins, dye-woods, wines, timber, hemp, etc. Articles of food and raw materials constitute nearly 80 per cent, of all the imports, whereas manufactured articles make up less than 20 per cent. This partly explains why the United States has such a preponderance over the other countries in the matter of these imports. Of the 1,100.000.000 marks in value of imports brought into Bremen in 1900, the United States sent 37 per cent., which was more than the amount all the German States combined had sent, viz. 30 per cent. Great Britain's share was only 4.4 per cent., and that of the rest of Europe. 7 per cent. The growth of the total imports into Bremen and of those from Great Britain and from the United States may be seen from the following table: Atebaqe Annual Value in Millions of Marks 18*7-51 1867-61 1867-71 1877-81 1887-91 Total lOG 7.6 14 222 26.6 353 52.6 92 493 58.6 166.7 657 Great Britain United States 11.8 192 Thus while in 18.50 the imports from the United States were less than twice those of Great Britain, they were four and a half times as large forty years later, and while the total imports during that period increased more than six times, those from the United States increased fourteen times.