Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/512

* BREAKWATER. 450 BREAST. gether, oml to end, fastened to each other and filled with stone. After fillin<;. the tops of the cribs were covered with a continuous plank deck- ing. The cost of this breakwater was $32 per linear foot. At Buffalo, N. Y., in Lake Erie, a BUFFALO (N. Y.) BREAKWATER. LAKE ERIE. new breakwater now under construction is a tim- ber crib structure filled with stone. At this point the depth of water is 30 feet, and the lake bottom is covered with mud about 38 feet thick. The method of construction is to dredge a chan- nel tlirough this mud to hard bottom and fill it with gravel, and to found the timber cribs on tliis filling. While the timber crib structure is the standard breakwater construction for the Great Lake ports, the practice has become familiar in recent yearB, when repairing such structures, to remove the timber work to a safe point below low water and replace it by a superstructure of con- crete. A notable example of this class of work is found in the new breakwater at Cleveland, Ohio. CLEVELAND (OHlO) BREAKWATER, LAKB ERIE, Floating Brealii-ater.—'The use of floating structures of iron or wood has often been sug- gested for breakwaters, but they have seldom been used. The idea generally has I)een to anchor the structures at intervals, so that the waves striking against them would become disinte- grated or deflected. Further information on breakwaters may be obtained by reference to the following works: Vernon-Harcourt. Hnrhors and Dnrls (I^ondon, 1885) ; Proreedinrrs of the Inatiluiioti of Civil Engineers (London. 1838, current) ; Reports of the Chief of Engineers, United States of America (Washington. i8fin, current) ; Cresy, Encyclo- pwdia of Civil Engineering (London. 1847) : Engineering A'eins (New York, 1877, current) : Spon, Dictionary of Engineering (London, 1880- 81) ; Stevenson, The Construction of Ilarhors (New York, ISSIJ) : De Cordemoy, I.cs ports modcrnes (Paris, 1000). See also the article Haubors in this Encyclopa-dia, in which are included maps showing the liarliors formed by a number of the above-mentioned breakwaters. BREAL, bra'al', iliCHEL^ Jules Ai-FREI) (1832 — ). An eminent French philologist, bom at Landau (Rhenish Bavaria). He was educated at Weissenburg. Metz. the LycC'e Louis-le-Grand (Paris), and Berlin. In 1804 he was appointed professor of .comparative grammar at the Col- lege de France; in 187.5 was elected to the Acad- emy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, and from 1870 to 1888 was an inspector-general of liiglier education. His ])ublications include L'ctude des origincs de In religion Zoroastriennc (1802). which obtained the prize of the Academy of In- scriptions; Le mgthc d'tEdipe (I8G4); a valu- able translation of Bopp's Verglcicheiidc drani- matik. with learned historical and critical intro- ductions {5 vols., 1867-74) : with A. Bailly, a Dictionnaire {'tgmologique latin (188.5), and sev- eral wiirks on French educational questions. BREAM (ME. hrecm, OF. hresme, OHG. Itraknima, brahsina, bream). A name applied to a variety of fishes belonging to dift'erent families. The conmion English bream, or carp bream {.Miramis brama). is a member of the Cy]>rinidic family, and an inhabitant of many rivers and lakes of Europe, even as far north as Norway and Sweden, and of some of those of England and Ireland. It thrives best in still water, and many grow to a weight of (i to 12 pounds. The wliite bream {ibramis blirca) differs from the connnon bream in its silvery color, in its smaller size, and in several structui'al details. It also occurs on the Continent and in England. These fishes are favorite objects for <iuict angling in England, and the carp bream was descanted upon at a great length by Izaak Walton. In America a minnow, the golden sliiner {A. chrysoleiieus) , and a sunfish, the pumpkin-seed (Enpomotis gib- ho.ius), are commonly called "breams' in the Eastern States. (See Minnows and Sunfish.) Several species of porgies {Sparid(c) also re- ceive the name. See Plates of Carps and Al- lies; and of Darters and Sunfisues. BREAST (AS. hreOst, Goth, hrusts. Ger. Briist. s(i called from its swelling protuberances; ef. AS. hrrfilaii. Eng. burst). One of the two protuberant glands situated on a woman's cliest. A breast consists of a series of tubes, radiating from a common centre, the nipple, which is situated in an areola, a pink or dark-colored, nearly circular, area. On the surface of the latter are from four to ten sebaceous glands, which secrete an tmctuous fluid to protect the skin of the nijiple. which is very thin, from the saliva .of the sucking infant. The milh-tubes (fifteen or eighteen in number) enlarge into sinusrs and pass each to a separate lobe or sub- division of the breast, where they divide into twigs and branche=i (the lactiferous ducts). which end in miniite vesicles. The lobes are held together by fibrovis tissue, and are well packed in fat, which increases sometimes to an enormous extent the apparent size of the organ. It will be readily understood bow overdisten- tion of these delicate tubes, from whatever cause, must be productive of great sutTering. When an abscess forms in the breast it is very dan-