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* BRAUN. 428 BRAVO-MURILLO. duced Braun (-vvho in 1902 held a professorship in Munich) to produce several other works of the same description. Aiiiong these are the "Battle of Mars la Tour" (1884); "Panorama of the German Colonies" (with Petersen, 1885) ; and the "Battle of Lutzen" (1892). BRAtTNE, brou'ne, Christian Wilhelm (1831-92). A German anatomist. He was born in Leipzig, and studied at the universities of Giittingen and Wiirzburg. In 1872 he became professor of topographical anatomy at the Uni- versity of Leipzig. In his scientific investiga- tions," Braune devoted himself particularly to the mechanical physiological side of anatomy, particularly as regards the movements of the joints and the eciuilibrium of the body in their bearing ujxm tlie equipment of the infantry. He also introduced dissection of frozen corpses into the technique of anatomy. Among his numerous works are the following: Topographisch-ana- tomischer Atlas, nach Durchschnitten an ge- frorcnen Kadarern (1872) : Die Lage des Uterus ■und Fotits am Ende der Schicangerschaft nach Durchschnitten an gcfrorencn Kadavern (1873); Das Tenensystcm des menschlichen Edrpers (1884-88). 'in collaboration with His, he ed- ited, after 1876, the Archiv fiir Andtomie und Entieickelungsgeschichtc. He was also instru- mental in securing the publication of the musical works of Frederick the Great. BRAUNE, TiiEODOR Wiluelm (1850 — ). A German philologist, born in Grossthiemig, Sax- ony. He graduated at the University of Leip- zig, and afterwards served as professor of the German language and literature at the univer- sities of I^eipzig, Giessen, and Heidelberg. His published works include: Beitriigv zur (leschichte der deutsvhen Sprache mid Lilleratur (1874- 91); Neiidruekc detitscher Litteraturwerke des IGten tmd llten Jahrhundcrts (1876) ; Althoch- deutsches Lescbttch (1888). BRATJNSBERG, brouns'berK (earlier Bruns- berg). A town of East Prussia, in the adminis- trative district of Kunigsberg, about 35 miles southwest of the city of that name (Map: Prus- sia, J 1 ) . It is situated on the Passarge, live miles from its junction with the Frisehe Haff. It contains a Catholic seminary and g)*mnasium, and the Lyceum Hosianum fciinuled by Bishop Hosius in 1568. It has a large number of manu- factories, the principal articles being soap, leather, and feltware. It has also a trade in grain and flax. It has regular steamship com- munication with Pillau and Kiinigsberg. The town was founded about 1251 by the Teutonic Ivnights. It has belonged to Prussia since 1772. Population, in 1890, 10,851; in 1900, 12,497. BRATJRO'NIA. A festival in honor of Arte- mis, celebrated at intervals of four years at Brauron, when Attic girls between 5 and 10 years of age were consecrated at the sanctuary of Arte- mis. A part of the rile consisted in the imitation of the actions of bears by the girls. According to tradition, this rite originated in a plague sent ujjon the Athenians by Artemis in punishment for the killing of a bear which had torn a little girl in pieces. To propitiate the goddess, the rite was instituted, and all Attic women were obliged to take part in it before they were permitted to marry. BRAUWER, brou'er, or BROU WER, Adri aen (C.1U05-3H). A Flemish painter, born at Oude- naarde, not (as used to be supposed) at Haar- lem. Of his life many romantic tales are told by the older biograpliers: but modern research has left little of them, lie was not a pupil of Frans Hals, but more probably of Rubens, by whom he was certainly influenced. The old legends, such as that of Hals locking him in to keep him at work, and his escape by the adice of Adriaen van Ostade, are ])icturesque; but they do Brauwer an injustice when they present him as a mere riotous dnmkaid. The fine por- trait of him l)y Van Dyck does not show that sort of man. That lie took pleasure in lively and even dissipated com])any is, however, apparent from his paintings, most of which represent tav- ern scenes, frequently with a brawl l)etween peasants or soldiers. This class of subjects P. Breughel the elder had left ready to his hand; but its treatment is pervaded bj- the spirit of Rubens, like whom he is a creator, not a portrait- painter, as Hals is even in his genre pictures. Delicate coloring and the beautiful hazy effect which the Italians call sfuiiKtto mark Ids can- vases. Munich has nine of the best, as "Spanish Soldiers Playing Cards" and two of peasants having wounds dressed, a favorite subject; Dres- den three, especially "Peasants (Quarrelling over Dice"; five are at Saint Petersburg, three at Frankfort, and one admirable tavern scene in the Louvre. BRAVA'S ibra'voz) KNIGHT. In Ariosto's ]iocm. a name for Orlando I'uiioso, who was ilan|uis of Brava. BRAVE BOYS ARE THEY. A Civil War song by Henry Clay Work. BRAVEST OF THE BRAVE, The. The title bestowed by the French King Henry IV. on his general Crillon, who was also styled 'the Fearless.' To Marshal Xey, also, the surname was given by Napoleon in 1807. BRA VI, bril've (It. plur. of bravo, brave). Originally, the retainers of a noble house, and the champions of its quarrels. Later the bravl were wont to oiler their services to any one for money. Tlie internal history of Italy for many centuries is replete with the actions of these men, who in time became nothing more than hired bandits and assassins. In a more favorable s(nse, 6raio, the singular of bravi, was apjjlied to the dueling, love-making, sonnet-writing, and stabbing type of gentleman that flourished amid the lax morality of the Renaissance. BRAVO, brii'vu. The. The title of a novel by James Fenimore Cooper (1831). Upon it waa based a dranux by J. B. Buekstone (1833). BRAVO-MURILLO, bni'vAmno-re'lyA, Juan Go.N'ZAi.KZ (1S03-73). A Spanish statesman. He studied theology for a time, was afterwards a lawyer in Seville, and then became the editor of the first law journal in Spain, the liulelin de ■Jurisjirudeneiu. founded by him and Paclicco in .Madrid in 1835. With others he also established later the conservative papers El I'oricnir and El I'iloto. In 1837, and again in 1839, he was a lead- ing member of the Cortes, but was proscribed after the Revolution of 1840, and took refuge in France. He returned in 1843 on the dowTi- fall of Espartero, was a mendier of the iMinistry in 1847. and on the resignation of Xarvaez in 1851 formed a new Cabinet, but resigned as Prime .Minister in 1852, after having pursued a