Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/483

* BRATIANU. 427 BRAUN. of the revolutionary party, and for fifteen days retained as a prisoner upon a miserable bark on the Danube. Condemned to exile, he returned to I'aris. where he remained until the atTairs of the Danubian primipalities had been adjusted in the Veaee of Paris (1850). Upon the accession of Prince Charles of HohenzoUern to tlie Rumanian throne. Bratianu l)eeame Minister of State, but was compelled to resign in 18GS. Reinstated in 1876. he entered into an alliance with Russia ajrainst Turkey in 1S77, proclaimed the inde- penilenee of Rumania, May 21, 1877, and its es- tablishment as an independent kingdom, ^larcli 26, 1881, In 1888 he resigned as President of the Ministry, his fall being largely due to the intrigues of his brother Demeter, who succeeded him. BRATSCHE, brat'she. A stringed instru- ment of the viola (q.v.) type. BRATTICE (OF, bretesche, hreteche; Ger, Unf, AS, hnd, board, plank). The term applied to a transverse i)artition of plate-iron or other suitable material set in the gangvays of mines, to guide the ventilating air-currents through the proper passages. BRATTLEBORO, brat'fl-bur'i. A village, in a town of the same name, in Windham Coun- ty, Vt., on the Connecticut River, 60 miles north of Springfield, Mass., and on the Boston and Maine and the Central Vermont railroads (Map: Vermont. O 10). It has a picturesque site, and contains a fine public library and the State Asylum for the Insane. The principal manufaotiires include children's carriages and toys, and organs, the factory of the Estey Organ Company being located here. Brattleboro was chartered in 17,i3 and derives its name from Wil- liam Brattle of Massachusetts, one of the origi- nal grantees. Population, in 1890, 5467 ; in 1900, 5297, Consult Burnham, Brattleboro {Vt.) : Early History tcith Biographical Sketches (Brattleboro, 18S0), BEAT'TOJT, Henry de. See Bracton. BRAXJN, broun. Autxaxdeb (1805-77), A German botanist. He was professor of txitany in the universities of Freiburg, Gicssen, and Berlin, successively, and was director of the Berlin Bo- tanical Garden. He carried out numerous re- searches, chiefly on the morphology of plants. Among his works are: Betrachtungen iiher die Ernchvinung der Verjiingiing in der yattir, ins- hesonden; in der Lebens- und Bildungngcgchichtc der Pflanzen ( 1851 ), a treatise on the lower cryp- togams, and Beitrag zur Ketintnis der Gattung .^■rlaginrlla (1865). BRAUN, August Emil (1809-50), A Ger- man archaologist, born in Gotha, He studied in Ciottingen, Mimich. and Berlin. With (k'rhard he went to Rome in lS.'i3, and in a short time was made librarian, and subsequcntlj' sccretiiry to the Archceological Institute. Later he found- ed there a galvano-plastic establishment, from which issued many reproductions of antique art objects and casts of modem works. Among his many valuable works on art may be mentioned // giiidizio di Paride (18,38); K unst vorstel- Jiingrn des gefliigelten Dionysos (1839) ; Oriech- inrhe flolterlckre (1851-55); Vorsrhiilr der h iinKlmythotogic (1854), translated into Eng- lish by (Jrant (1856) ; and an admirable guide- VOL. 111.-28. book. Die R^iinen und Museen Roma (1864), translated into English, 1855. BRAUN, Julius (1825-69). A German archaeologist. He was born in Karlsriihe and studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. At first a lecturer in the University of Heidelberg, he afterwards went to Tubingen, and finally to Munich, where he lectured in the Acad- emy of Arts, Both in his books and in his lectures he maintained the thesis that the really fundamental principles of art and religion were derived from the Egj'ptians, and were trans- mitted, through the Semites, Greeks, and Ro- mans, to the Germanic and other northern [leo- ples. The following are some of his more impor- tant publications: tStudien und l:ikizzen aus den Liindern der alien Kultur (1854) : Geschichtcder Kiinut in ihrem Kntwicklungsgange, etc. (1873) ; Xaturgeschichte der Sage (1865); Historische Landschaften (1867); Oemdldc der mohamme- danischrn ^Velt (1870). BRAUN, K.RL (1822-93). A German states- man and author. He was born at Hadaniar, in the Duchy of Nassau, and studied classical phi- lology and history at Marl)urg, and law and political economy at Giittingen. He was presi- dent of the Nassau Chamber of Deputies from 1859 to 1866, and as the leader of the Liberals advocated German unity and industrial free- dom. He was one of the founders of the Volks- wirtschaftlichcr /vojK/rcss, and was elected its permanent president in 1859, In 1863 he estab- lished the Vierteljahrschrift fiir Volksmirtschaft «»{</ Kulturgesehichte — the representative organ of the Free-Trade Party of Gennany — and edited this publication until 1887. As a deputy in the Reichstag he was successively identified with the National Liberal. Secessionist, and German Lib- eral parties. He published a great variety of works, among which the volumes entitled Bilder aus der deutschcn Kleinstaaterei (1881) prob- ably take first rank. BRAUN, K.SPAR (1807-77). A German wood-engraver. He was born at AsehaflTenburg, and studied engraving in Munich and in Paris. In conjunction with Dessauer he established a xylographic institute in ilunich in 1839. He became associated with Friedrich Schneider in 1843, .and established the humorous publication Fliegcnde Blatter. Among the numerous works to which he contributed engiavings are the following: Das Xihclungenlied, after the draw- ings of Schnorr and Xeureuther; Tolkskaleiider, with illustrations after Kaulbach and Cornelius; Gotts von Berlichingen ; and Munchner Bilder- bogen. BRAUN, Louis (I83 — ). A German painter of baltle scenes. He was bom at Schwabisch Hall, Wiirttemberg, and was educated in Munich and in Paris. He followed as an illustrator the Austrian army during the Danish War of 1864 and painted several battle scenes for the Emperor of Austria. He also accompanied the German armies in the war of 1870-71, and as a result exhibited his pictures entitled "En- trv of the Mecklenburg Troops into Orleans," "The Capitulation of Sedan," "The Battle of Sedan" (later exhibited at Frankfort-on-the- Main and elsewhere as a panorama), "The Germans in Versailles," and "The Entry of the fJerman Army into Paris." The great success of the "Battle of Sedan," in panoramic form, in-