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* BBANDES. 420 BBANDT. 77), lived for five years in Berlin (1S77;82), and has since resided", as a public lecturer with a subscribed guarantee of $1000 a year, in Copen- hagen. He wrote: .Esthetic titudics (18G8); French .^.sthetics (1869); Criticisms and Por- traits (1870) ; The Main Literary Cun-ents of the Mneteenth Century (1872-82). This was fol- lowed bv Danish I'oeis (1877) ; Ferdinand Las- salle (1877. written in German); Lord Bea- consfield (1879. written in German); Eminent Authors of the yineteenth Century (1882) ; Men and Works in European Literature (1883) ; Ber- lin as an Imperial Court (1884) ; rmpressio7is of Poland (1888); Impressions of liussia (1888); Essa t/s ( 1 890 ) . His most recent works are Poems (1899). and a remarl^al)lv fresh and sympatlietic studv of Shakespeare (189S), of which the Eng- lish translation is in a second edition. Brandesis a scientific critic to whom literature is itself a 'criticism of life' — a disciple of Comte and Taine, of Will and Spencer. Naturally, therefore, he has moved in an atmosphere of controversy which has itself tended to awaken the national mind, and has given to much of his work a sort of challenging boldness. His great work, the Main Currents, mentioned above, is in six volumes, and treats first of the French 'emigrant literature,' re- vived by contract with England and Germany, at the haiids of Chateaubriand, Madame de Stael, and Senancour. From this he passes to the German romantic school, thence to the French reaction, and to what he calls 'Naturalism' in England. This leads him directly to the French romanticists, and these to the so-called Young Oermany of 1848, with which the work has rest- ed, great though incomplete, for many years. The collected IVorts of Brandes are in course of publication (1900 — ). JIany of his works have Ijeen translated into German, and some into French and English. BRANDING (AS. Irand, a burning, sword. Ger. Brand, a burning, brand). In mercantile law, the act of distinguishing goods by burn- ing or stamping a peculiar mark into or upon them. In the case of manufactured articles, this practice has become a part of the matter of trade-marks. (See Thaue-makk. ) The brand- ing of animals, especially on the gi-eat ranches of°the West, is coumionly resorted to. In criminal law, a form of punishment em- ployed in certain cases by the Greeks and Ro- mans, and adopted bv the Canonists and by our Anglo-Saxon ancestors. It was practiced to some extent by the early Colonists in the United Stat<?s, but is now obsolete, both here and in Great Britain. See Benefit of Clergy. BRANDIS, briin'dis, Ciiristi.^n Aug. (1790- 1807). -V tierman philosophical writer. He was born at Hildesheim. He took part in the preparations for the great critical edition of the works of Aristotle, contemplated by the Berlin Academy of Science (5 vols., Berlin, 1831-30); and with this object spent several years, along with Immanuel Bckker (q.v.), in exploring the chief libraries of Europe. In 1821 he was called to the new University of Bonn, where he edit- ed Aristotle's Metaphysics (Vol. I., Beflm, 1823) • Scholia in Aristotelem (Berlin, 1836) ; and Scholia Grwea in Aristotelis Mclaphysicani (Berlin, 1837). He accepted in 183i a call from the young King of Greece, and spent sev- eral years in that country as Cabinet Counselor. As a result, we have his Mitteilungen iiber Griechenland (3 vols., Leipzig, 1842). Other works of his are Handbuch dfr Geschichte der griechisch-romischcn Philosophic (3 vols., Berlin, 1835-06) and Ci'schichte der Entivickelung der griechischen Philosophic und Hirer Xaohwirk- tingen ita romischcn Heiche (Berlin, 1862-64). BRANDIS, Sir Dietrich (1824—). A Ger- man-English forester. He was born in Bonn, studied at the universities of Copenhagen, Got- tingen, and Bonn, and in 1855 was appointed superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu. From that time until 1883 he was employed under the British Government in the care of the forests of Burma and India, having been from 1864 inspector-general of forests to %he Indian Government. He has written monographs on the Indian forests, and completed L. Stewart's Forest Flora of Northwest and Central India (London, 1870). BRANDL, Alois (1855—). A German Angli- cist, born in Innsbruck. He studied English phi- lology in Berlin and London, was made extraor- dinary professor at Prague in 1884, and ordinary professor at Giittingen in 1888, and at Strass- burg in 1892. His principal work is Samuel Tay- lor Coleridge und die Englische Romantik (1886; English ed. 1887). He also contributed an inter- estmg article on Middle-English literature to Pauls Grundriss der gcrmanischen Philologie. In 1892 he became associate editor of the work entitled Quetlen und Forschungcn zur Spraclie ■und Kulturgcschichte der gcrmanischen Volker. BRAN'DON. A city in Manitoba. Canada, founded in 1881, and now a large grain and lumber market, on the Canadian Pacific Rail- road, below the junction of the Assiniboine and Little Saskatchewan rivers, 132 miles west of Winnipeg (Map: Manitoba, Jo). The town, in a pleasant and elevated situation, is sub- stantially built, and has a court-house, a col- legiate institute, a convent, banks, parks, a Government experimental farm, lofty grain-ele- vators. car-shoi)s. and manufactures of flour and oatmeal, machinerv. pumps, lumber, and ales and porter. Population, in 1891, 3778; in 1901, 5738. BRANDON. A town in the county of Dur- ham, Enuland. 3 miles west-southwest of the city of Durham. It is an important mining town, with a considerable industry in coal and iron. Population (including the neighboring town of Byshottles), in 1891, 14,239; in 1901, 15,573. BRANDSTETTER, briint'stet-ter, Hans (1^54 — ). An Austrian sculptor. He was born at Hitzendorf, near (Jratz, and was a pupil of Hellmer, at the Academy of Arts, Vienna. His lirst works, "The Flight of Lot from Sodom," '■The Flute-Player," and "Plato," were honored with the prize "given by the Academy. Among his later productions the following are especially noteworthy: "The Forest Lily," a bronze statue (City Park, Gratz), "Prometheus," and "The Return (if the Prodigal." BRANDT, briint, ExEVOLD, Count (1738-72). A Danish cnurtier. He was born in Copenhagen, and studied law at the university of that city. He became assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Copenhagen in 1764, Koyal Chamberlain in 1769, and afterwards superintendent of the Royal