Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/474

* BRANCHING. 418 BRANDENBURG. direction of the main axis; then a lateral branch from this first branch docs the same thing, and so on, until the principal axis consists of a series of strong lateral brandies, as in the linden. Such an axis is called a 'sympodium,' and this svmpodial development is apt to be characteristic of groups of ])lants. The branching of roots is never so symmetrical as that of stems, the branches arising from any point, while those of the stems are related very definitely to the nodes, at which the leaves ap- pear. Another characteristic of root-branching is that the branches arise from the central woody cylinder and burrow their way through the cor- tex; wliile in stems the branches arise super- ficially, of course involving also the deeper tis- sues. The root type of branch origin is said to be 'endogenous' ( 'inside origin' ), and the stem type is 'exogenous' ( 'outside origin' ) . This is the proper ajiplication of the terms 'endogenous' and 'exogenous,' which were formerly misapplied to the stems of monocotyledons and dicotyledons respectively. Leaves also frequently branch, and when the branches are quite distinct the leaves are said to be compound. This branching is determined by the venatitm, which is the system of vein branch- ing. Accordingly, branching leaves may be either palmatcly or ]iiiinately compound. See LEjVF. BRANCHIOPODa", bran1a-op'6-da (Gk., gill- footed, from Ppdyxta, hranchiu, gills + troiii, pons, foot), or Elphyllopoda. A suborder of Kntomostraca, with numerous hrancliicc, or gills, attached to the feet; water- lleas. The term has been used by ditl'erent authors in a most con- fusing manner, but the latest writers regard the group as a division of Phyllopoda. Used in this sense the Brancliiopoda may be defined as phyl- lopods with numerous distinct trunk-segments and numerous pairs of swimming-feet. There are three families containing about a half-dozen genera and not many species. The families are distinguished by the carapace, which is wanting in one. shield-shaped in the second, and bivalve in tile third. BRANCHIOSATTBTJS, bran'ki-6-sa'rus. See STECOCKPIIALLk. BRANCO, hr.'iij'ko (Port., white, Sp. ilanco, It. hitnico, Eng. hiank), Rio. The principal tribu- tarj' of the P>io Xcgro, Brazil (Map: Brazil. E 3). Its head stream, the Parima, rises near the frontier of Venezuela in the Parima Mountains. The Braneo Hows southwest, and is 375 miles long. BRAND, briint, J.N Henduik (182.3-88). A President of the Orange Free State, born in Cape Town and educated in England. In 18G4 he was elected President of the Orange I'ree State, and was successively reelected in ISfiO, 1874, 1879, and 1884. In 1870, at the request of Lord Car- narvon, he visited England for the purpose of taking part in a conference which had as its object the establishment of a confederation of South African States. He opjiosed the project, which consequently failed. On the occasion of the first conflict between the Transvaal and England, he was successful in bringing about peace negotiations between Sir Evelyn Wood and the Boer rei)resentatives. BRANDE, WiixiAM Thomas (1788-1866). An Englisli cliemist. lie studied medicine, be- came a Fellow of the Royal Society, and as- sistant to Sir Humphry Davy, whom he suc- ceeded in the chair of chemistry in 1813. From 1810 to IS.'iO lie and Faraday were joint editors of the Quarloly Journal of -b'citjiee and Art, and in 1853 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford. He was the a'uthor of several works. His manual of Chemistry (1819) is one of the best text-books of the time; but his fame rests chiefly upon his Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art (1842). BRAN'DEIS, Frederick (1835-99). An American organist and composer. He was bom' in Vienna, Austria, where he studied under Fiseliliof, Czerny, and Ruliuatscha. In 1849 he traveled through the L'nited States with the William Wallace Opera Company, and settled in New York City in 1851. He was organist of the Roman Catholic churches of Saint Jolin the Evangelist (1805-70) and Saint James (1871- 80), in New York; of Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Church, in Brooklyn (1880-98), and of the Forty-fourth Street Synagogue in New York (1886-981. His compositions include a prelude to Seliiller's Maria Stuart ; The Sunken Cloister, a ballad for chorus and orchestra; and many in- strumental and vocal pieces. Of his songs, the best known is "3Iy Love is Like the Red, Red Rose." BRANDENBURG, briin'den-boorK. The most populous province of Prussia, situated in the centre of the kingdom, and covering an area of 15,381 square miles, excluding the city of Berlin (Alap: Prussia, E 2). It is very flat," and in some parts marshy, with a sliglit elevation toward the southeastern end. Brandenburg is exceptionally well watered both by natural rivers and lakes, as well as by canals. Among the chief rivers are the Oder, with its numerous tribu- taries, and the Elbe, with its navigable tribu- tary the Havel. Lakes are very minierons, and some of them are connected by canals with the larger rivers. Brandenburg lias a very sandy and sterile soil and it is only by artificial means that it has been made productive. The area un- der tillage is verj- extensive, and the chief cereals raised are barley and rye. Wheat and oats are raised in limited quantities, while potatoes are grown on a very large scale for distilling pur- poses. Tobacco is also an important agricultural product. The raising of cattle is carrieil on ex- tensively and some wool is exported. The chief mineral iiroduct is brown coal, of which Branden- burg yields about 8,000,000 tons annually, and the milling of which gives occupation to over 10,- 000 men. The manufacturing industries are developed to a very high degree. Brandenburg contains ex- tensive silk, woolen, linen, and cotton cloth and yarn mills, and numerous establishments for the dyeing, spinning, and printing of dill'crent textiles. There are also machine-shops, cigar and cigarette factories, glass and eheinieal works. The production of spirits and beer is extensive, and the sugar-mills produce large -quantities of beet-sugar. The manufacture of women's gar- ments is a prominent branch of industry, and the gold, silver, and bronze wares of Berlin are fa- mous. Brandenburg is exceptionally well pro- vided with transportation facilities. Besides its several navigable rivers and excellent canal sys- tem, it has about 3900 miles of roads and over