Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/472

* BB.AMBACH. 416 BBAN. in Thrdnen (op. 10) ; Die Macht dcs Gesunges (op. 6); Columhus (op. 58, 1880); Friihlings- hymnus (op. 37) ; Alcestis (op. 14) ; and Prometheus (op. 47), all of which enjoy con- siderable popularity and are frequently per- formed. BBAMBLE (akin to Ger. Bram, Brame, the broom-tree). A name used in America as a collective term for all jjlaiits of the raspberry, blackberry, and dewberry class. In Great Brit- ain it is'used to distinguish the native black- berrv {Ruhus fruticosus) from the raspberry and "others of that type. The bramble is a com- mon wild plant in Great Britain and most parts of Europe. Although it is abundant everywhere and bears fruit of a good quality, it has never attracted much attention from cultivators, be- cause of its weedy nature. In fact, it was con- sidered a nuisance, and was so referred to in literature as far back as Shakespeare's time. See Blackbebkt and EcBUS. BBAMBLE, Fredeeick. A character in The Poor Ctiitlcmait, a play by the younger Colman (1802). BKAMBLE, Matthew. A character in Humphrty Clinker, a novel by Tobias Smollett. BRAMBLE, Philip. The Thames River and coast pilot to whom Poor Jack is apprenticed in ilarryat's novel of Poor Jack, and whose daughter .lack marries. BBAMBLE, Sir Robert. The name of a character in the younger Colman's play The Poor lieiitlcnuui. BBAMBLE, Tabitha. The name of a char- acter in Smollett's Humphrey Clinker, sister to 31alllicw Bramble. BBAMBLING (from bramhle; Ger. Bram- liitfi), or JIouKTAix Fixcii. A large, brightly colored finch (Fringilla montifringilla) nearly allied to the chaffinch, which, during migrations, appears in large numbers throughout Europe and parts of Asia, to the northern borders of which it resorts to breed in the birch forests. BRAMP'TON. The capital of Peel County, Ontario, Canada, and a busy junction of the Canadian Pacilie and Grand Trunk railways; 21 miles west of Toronto. It has agricultural and domestic industries, and a considerable trade (Map: Ontario, D 4). Population, in 1891, 3252: in 1900, 2748. BBAM'WELL, Sir Frederick (1818-1903). An English civil engineer: born in Lonihm. In 185(> he became an associate of the In- stitution of Civil Engineers, and in 1874-75 its president. In 1888 he was elected president of the British Association. He was prominent in many important undertakings in connection with his |)rofi>ssion. and was also long active in en- deavoring to promote the technical education of wovkingmcn. BRAMWELL, John :MrLNE (1852—). An English physician and author. He was bom at Perth, N. B., and was educated at the Univer- sity of Edinburgh. He has devoted consider- able attention to hypnotism, and has combined the French methods of hypnosis res])ectively em- ployed in Paris and Xancy with good results. His publications include: Successful Treatment of Dipsomania, Insomnia, etc., and Various Dis- eases by Hypnotic Suggestion (1890-92) ; Hyp- notic An(esthesia (ISaO) ; What is Bypnotismt (1896); Ok the Appreciation of Time by Som- nambules (1896); Suggestion: Its Place in Medicine and Scientific Research (1897). BRAN (OF. bren, bran, bran; Welsh, Irish Iran, husk, chaff). Tlie outer coat of wheat, rye, and other cereal grains, separated from the flour in milling by bolting. Wheat-bran is often spoken of sinqjly as bran, while rye-bran, corn- bran, rice-bran, etc., are usually referred to under their full names. Wheat-bran is exten- sively used and highly prized as a feeding-stuff for nearly all kinds of farm animals. Fed with eorn-meai (maize), the combination is hardly surpassed for cows, the bran furnishing not only the bulk, but the protein and ash which are" necessary to milk-production. The other kinds of bran are much less abundant in quan- tity, but are utilized quite generally for feeding purposes. The average percentage composition of different kinds of bran, from a large number of American analyses, is shown by the following table : 43 s ?? u KIND OF BBAN g C X ^1 1 i Bran Irom Spring and Winter Wheat 15.4 53.9 4.0 9.0 5.8 11.9 Eye-Bran U.6 64.0 ■> H 3.4 3 4 11.8 12.6 9.6 23.9 6U.0 63.1 43.2 9.5 5.8 6.7 8.9 11.7 10.5 9.4 1.4 4.5 9.8 Corn-Bran 8.4 11.2 Middlings, or shorts, contain some of the finer bran and coarse flour, although they are of the same origin as bran — viz., from the outer coat of the grain. They contiiin less fibre and ash mineral matter than bran, and are considered better suited to pigs and horses. The black woody hulls of the buckwheat-grain have little feeding value; but the portion Ij'ing immediately under the hulls, which forms the middlings, is rich in protein and fat, and has a high feeding value. The hulls and middlings are often mixed and sold as buckwheat-bran, in which case the proportion in which they are mi.cd determines the value of the bran. Vheat-bran contains in 1000 pounds about 205 pounds of nitrogen, 290 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 100 pounds of potash. The same amount of rye-bran contains 230 pounds of ni- trogen, 230 pounds of phos])lioric acid, and 140 pounds of potash. Hence, in feeding these materials, the fertility of the farm is beingadded to if the manure is properly cared for and used. Bran is used in dyeing and in calico-printing. BRAN. The dog of Fingal. There was a Scotch tradition, before Macpherson's Ossian ap- peared, that a Southern chief challenged Fingal to hunt Bran in Sledale against his own dog, Phorp, of the same breed, the present Scotch deerhound. The dogs ran equally well all day; so, as a further test, their owners set them fighting. Bran was getting the worst of it. wlicn the chief said something about Bran which angered Fingal, who seized Phorp, and, with his charmed hand, tore his heart out. But