Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/459

* BKAGG. 405 BKASE. Iiim to retreat. The two armies met at Perry- ville. ly.. on October 8. and Bragg, defeated, withdrew hastily into Tennessee. His appar- ent failure in this oampaigii brought upon him the bitter criticism of tlie South, and for a time his removal was seriously contemplated : but his campaign, according to General T. A. Dodge, "had really placed him in a positiim in IJueirs front far »u])eri(n- to the one he had occuiiiod before he marched for the Ohio, morally and ma- terially." At Murfreeslioro, or Stone River, on December 31, 18G2, and .January 2, 18(i.'!, he wa.s again worsted by the Federal Army, now imder Kospcrans. and fell back upon TuUahoma. Out of this city, early in September, 1803, he was skillfully manceuvred by Rosecrans, whom, how- ever, he defeated decisively in the great battle of Chickamauga (September 19-20) . Soon after- wards he was utterly defeated, in turn, by Grant in the three days' battle of Chattanooga (No- vember 23-2.5 ) . and, in deference to the grow- ing dissatisfaction of his army, he was replaced hy Hardee on December 2. On February 24, 1864. he was summoned to Richmond, where, under the direction of President Davis, he was charged with "the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy." He was placed in command of the Department of Xorth Carolina in November, and led an unsuccessful expedition into Georgia to cooperate against Sherman, then on his march to the sea. In I'^bruary, 1865, he was assigned to active service under .T. E. .Johnston, and remained with that oflicer until his surrender. After the war Bragg was for some time chief engineer for the Stat*" of Alabama, and as such had charge of the improve- ments in ilobile Bay. He was a hard fighter, and as an otJicer was brave and resourceful ; but he was also a stern martinet, was sometimes dilatory in his movements, and was frequently lax in supervising the execution of his orders. BKAGG, Edward Stut-esant (1827 — ). An American politician, bom at Unadilla, X. Y., and educated at Geneva College. He was admit- ted to the New York bar in 1848, but removed to Wisconsin, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1850. From 1854 to 1856 he was dis- trict attorney for Fond du Lac County. Wis. He entered the army as a captain in 18G1. and was mustered out as a brigadier-general In 1865. He was in Congress fronri877 to 1885, and in 1884 seconded the nomination of Cleveland, nuiking use of the famous expression, "We love him for the enemies he has made." In 1902 he was a])- poinlcil ('..M^Hl-(eneral to the Cuban Republic. BRAGGADOCCHIO, brag'ga-dr/chij (evident- ly from bragging). A character in Spenser's Faerie Queene, representing the twin vices of boasting and cowardice, and drawn from Arias- to's Martano in Orlando Furioso. BBAGI, brii'ge, or Brage. In Scandinavian mytbidogy, the god of poetry and eloquence, son of Odin and Frigga. According to the Older Edda he was the niost perfect of all skalds, or poets, and the inventor of poetrj', which is desig- nated by a kindred word, hragr. One of the books of the Younger Edda is called lirafii's Talk. Unlike Apollo, who, in the Greek mythology, is represented as enjoying eternal youth, Bragi was supposed to be an old man with a long, flow- ing beard, but his brow was always mild and unwrinkled. Bragi's wife was Idun (q.v. ). Together with Ilermod he received and welcomed all those heroes who had fallen in battle on their arrival at Walhalla. On festive occasions, as well as at the burial of a king or earl, a goblet, called Bragafull (Bragi's goblet), was presented, be- fore which each man arose, made a solemn vow, and emptied it. The Danish King Sweyn is said to have made such a vow before the invasion of England in 994. The myth of Bragi was probably developed from the earliest known Norse skald of the same name, who lived c.800, and of whose fragmentary works there is an edi- tion by Gering (Halle, 1886). Several German periodicals and other works, intended to cherish a national spirit, have taken the name of Bragi. BEAGMAR'DO. The name of a character in dniiiiiiit iKi and I'nntaijruel, by Rabelais. BRAHAM, bra'am, John (17741856). A well-known English singer, of .Jewish descent, born in London. He had an unusually long pro- fessional career, having begun to sing on the stage at the age of ten. About the close of the Eighteenth Century he visited France and Italy for improvement. On his return to England he became remarkably popular, and from that time, for half a century, he was considered the great- est tenor in Europe. Sir Walter Scott considered him "a beast of an actor, but an angel of a singer." His real forte was the concert stage, where he was most eflfective in patriotic num- bers. BBAHE, brii or brii'a, Tycho (1546-1601). A celebrated Danish astronomer, born at Knut- storp. He was descended from a noble family, originally Swedish, and was sent, at the age of thirteen, to the University of Copenhagen, where he had not been more than a year when an eclipse of the sui^ turned his attention to astronomy. His uncle, who destined him for the law, furnished him with a tutor, and sent him to Leipzig in 1562; but Brahe. who cared nothing for that study, devoted just so much lime to it as would save appearances, and while his tutor slept busied himself nightly with the stars. By these surreptitious observations of the heavens, and with no other mechanical con- trivances than a globe about the size of an orange and a pair of rude compasses, he succeeded, as early as 1563, in detecting grave errors in the tables of Copernicus, and set about correcting them. The death of his uncle, who left him an estate, recalled him to his native place in 1565, but he very soon became disgusted with the igno- rance and arrogance of those moving in the same s[)liprp with himself, and went back to Germany. .l Wittenberg, where he resided f<u' a short time, he lost part of his nose in a. duel with a Danish gentleman ; but for the lost organ he in geniously contrived one of gold, that fitted so admirably, and was so naturally colored, that few could have detected that it was artificial. After a coujjle of years spent in Augsburg he returned home, where, in 1572, he discovered a new and brilliant star in the constellation Cassiopeia. In 1573 he married a pea.sant girl, which his fellow-noblemen thought even nmre undignified than being addicted to astronomy: for this they considered very degrading to a gentleman, whose only becoming qualification should he, in their estimation, skill in the use of arms. After some time spent in travel, Brahe received from his sovereign, Frederick II., the ofl'er of the island of