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* BRACKETTVILLE. 398 BRADDOCK. of much importance in repressing Indian and Mexican raids from beyond the Rio Grande. Population, about 1500. BRACQUEMOND, brak'moN', Joseph F£lix (1833 — ). A French painter and engraver. He was born in Paris, and was a pupil of Guichard. He began to exhibit in the Salon of 1852, and soon won fame by his original etchings and his reproductions of the works of the great masters. He is especially successful in portraits, among which are many of noted artists and writers, and has also distinguished himself as an illustrator. His etching work is i^epresented by over 800 plates, including a number of excellent lithographs. About 1SC7 lie introduced successfully a new mode of decoration on china, and in 1872 became connected with the painting department of the porcelain factory at S&vres, but soon afterwards established a studio for ceramic decoration on the outskirts of Paris, and has done a great deal of work for a Limoges factoiy. BRACT (Lat. bractea, a thin plate of metal, gold-leaf). The leaves in an inflorescence, which are usually smaller than the ordinary leaves and often more or less modified in structure. See Inflorescence. BRACTON, or BRATTON, Henry db ( ?— 12G8). An English ecclesiastic, distinguished as a judge and as the author of the hrst comprehensive treatise on English law. He was born at Bretton-Clovelly. in Devonshire, and studied at Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of laws, and where he is supposed to have lectured on the canon law. He became an itinerant judge in 1245, and shortly thereafter a judge of the King's Court. His ecclesiastical and judicial preferment went hand in hand. In 1263 he was Archdeacon of Barnstable and Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral, and in 1265 he is said to have become chief justiciary of Eng- land under Henry III. Of his history subse- quentlv to 1267 we know nothing. His fame rests (in his great work on the laws of England, De Legihus et Consuetudinihiis Anglice. which has been characterized as "the crown and flower of English mediseval jurisprudence" (Pollock and Maitland. Bislory of Eiiylish Law. 2d ed.. Cam- bridge, Eng., and Boston, 18nn). It is a system- atic treatise on a large and comprehensive plan, not wholly completed, drawing its form from the Roman law. but deriving its substance almost en- tirely from the precedents of the English law courts. The charge that the book is an indiscrim- inate mixture of Roman and English law, that it represents an attempt to refine and improve the common law bv introducing the ccmceiit ions of the civil law, has" been disproved by recent investi- gations of the jilea rolls and other authorities upon which he relied. The work was an imme- diate siiccess. Some fifty manuscripts of it have come down to us, and in that age of legal activity it became the model of n>unerois other treatises, some of which, like Flet^i and Britton, have also survived. But Bracton had no successor until, 500 years after his death, Blackstone gave his Commcritaries to the world. The earliest edi- tion of Bracton's Dc Lefiibiis is the folio edi- -tion nf 1569; the best edition is the one edited by Sir Trovers Twiss, and issued in 1878-83, with an English trjinslation, under the authority of the lords commissioners of the treasury, and under the direction of the master of the rolls. Certain British Museum manuscripts containing the record of some 2000 cases were discovered about 1884 by Prof. Paul Vinogradoft" to have been compiled by Braeton as a 'Note Book,' and were edited by F. W. ^Maitland for publica- tion. Consult: Bracton's Kolc Booh, edited by Maitland (London, 1887) ; Hclcct Passages from Bracton and Azo, edited for the Selden Society by Maitland (London, 1895) ; Pollock and Mait- land, IJistorg of English Lair (2d ed., Cambridge, Eng., and Boston, 1889) ; Scrutton, Influence of flic Rciniun Law an the Law of England (Cam- bridge, Eng., 1885). BRA'CY, Matjbice de. A captain of free lances in Scott's novel Ivanhoc. He instigates the cari-j-ing off of Rowena and assists in the defense of Front de Bteuf's castle. He is finally exiled by King Richard. BRAD'AMANT. The daughter of Anion and Beatrice and the sweetheart of Roger the Jloor. Tlic latter becomes a Christian on her making this act a condition of their marriage. Brada- niant, known as the Virgin Ivnight, had white armor and an irresistible spear. She appears in Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. There is a play with the title Bradamante, a tragi-comedy b_v Robert Car- nier (1580): a tragedj' by La Calpren&de ( 1636) : a tragedy by Thomas Corneille (1695), besides several others. BRAD'BURY, .loHN Buckley (1841—). An English physician and author. He was born at Saddleworth, Yorkshire, and was educated at King's College, London, and at Cambridge. He became pliysician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, in 1869: Bradshaw lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians. London, in 1895; Croonian lecturer to that body in 1899, and examiner in materia medica in the ITniver- sity of Oxford. His publications include: On Vertigo : Its Canses, Importance as a Symptom, and Treatment (1870): Inaugural Lecture on Pharmacology (1894) ; and On Some yew Vaso- Dilators (I895|. BRADBURY, Wilu.vm Batchelder (1816- 68). An American musician and composer, born in York, Maine. He was author in whole or in part of many books for Sunday schools and choirs, among which are T/ie S/iaicol (1S(>4); The Jubilee (1865) : The Temple Choir (1867) : The Golden Chain (1861) ; Fresh Laurels (1867), and The Keynote (1863). His works have had much ])opularily. ♦ BRAD'DOCK. A borough in Allegheny Count . I'a.. 10 miles east of Pittsburg, on the Monoiigahela River, and on the Penn.sylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pittsburg and Lake Erie railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3), It has extensive manufactures of steel, wire, ferro- manganese, pig iron, steel rails, cement, and plaster. Braddock has a Carnegie library of about 35,000 volumes and Kenneywood Park. Settled probably about 1795, on the site of I'.raddock's defeat in 1755, Braddock w's incoiiiorated in 1867. The borough is governed by a I)urgess, holding office for three years, and a council in whose power rests the appointment of the im- portant officials of the city. The wat^nvorks nre owned and ojierated l)v the borough. Population, in 1890, 8561 ; in 1900, 15,654.