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* BOYER. received a European education, and in 1792 en- tered the military ser'ice. After his return to Haiti he joined the blacks, who had risen against the French. After the commissioners of the French Convention had proclaimed the free- dom of the blacks in Haiti (1793) he fought with the mulattoes against the negroes and with the negroes against the English. He was com- pelled to flee to France, but returned with Gen- eral Lederc in 1802. After the French had been expelled, and negro domination established, Boyer united with Petion and Christophe to overthrow Dessalines, the negro despot : but when Christophe made himself Emperor, K'tion established an independent republic in the south- western part of the island, and Boyer became Governor of Port-au-Prince, and the firmest ad- herent of the new commonwealth, which he de- fended against the troops of Christophe. Upon the death of Petion, in 1818. Boyer was unani- mously elected President. Within three years he l)rougiit the entire island under his rule, and in 182.5 obtained from France the recognition of the Haitian Republic. At iirst the country imi)rved under his administration, but power corrupted him. His cruel and arbitrary con- duet aroused great discontent, and the imposi- tion of oppressive taxes necessitated by the pay- ment of an indemnity of 1.50,000.000 francs to France stirred up an insurrection in 1843. Boyer fled to Jamaica, and, after the Revolution of 1848, retired to France, where he died. BOyESEN, Hjalmar Hjorth (1848-0,5). A Norwegian-American novelist and litt<!'rateur. He was born at Frederiksviirn, Norway, Sep- tember 23, 1848, and studied in Christiania and in Leipzig. In 1860 he came to America, edited the Frcmad. a Scandinavian journal, in Chicago, became professor of German at Cornell _( 1874- 80), and held a professorship in Columbia Uni- versity, New York, from 1880 till his death. _ He acquired a facility in English remarkable in a foreigner, and within six years of his emigra- tion had achieved popularity in English prose and verse. His more noteworthy works of fiction are Oiiiniiir: A Norse Romance (1874); Tales from Ttco nemispheres (1876): Falconberg (1878): Ilka on the Ililltop (short stories, 1881) ; Queen Titania (1881) ; A Daughter of the Philistines (1883); Social Strugglers (1884); and The Golden Calf (1802). His critical essays are contained in Goethe and Schiller: Their Lires and Works (1878) ; Literary and Social Silhou- ettes; Essays on Scandinavian Literature; and Essays on German Literature. His poems are gathered in Idyls of Noncay (1882). He also wrote negligible juveniles. Ilka on the Hilltop was dramatized in 1884, and a play of his called Alpine Roses was produced in the same year. He die<l in New York, October 5, 189.5. BOYET, Fr. pron. bwii'ya'. The name of a lively Frenchman in Shakespeare's Love's La- bour's Lost, always 'stabbed with laughter,' when not himself stabbing others with it. BOYIi, Antonio. See Boil, Bernardo. BOYLE. A town in Roscommon County, Ire- land, picturesquely situated in a valley on both sides of the Boyle, 1 mile above Lough Key, and S miles northwest of Carrick-on-Shannon. It is noted for its well-preserved Twelfth-Centuiy Cis- tercian abbey, of considerable architectural in- terest; has military barracks, and is a favorite 390 BOYLE. angling centre. It has a large grain and butter trade. Latin and English annals of Boyle, dat- ing from 420 to 1245, have been published. Pop- ulation, 2500. BOYLE, Charles, fourth Earl of Orrery (1676-1731). An English soldier and physicist. He was born at Chelsea, was educated at Christ Church, Oxford; succeeded to his title in 1703; fought at ilalplaquet, was made major-general, and received several Court appointments. He died August 28, 1731. After him was named the astronomical instrument known as the "Orrery." Boyle is chiefly remembered for the part he took, while a student, in the controversy over the an- tiquity of the Epistles of Pltularis. He was silenced by Bentley (q.v.). The literary quarrel led to Swift's Battle of the Books. Of his poems, even Sir Richard Blackmore said: "After his foolisb rhymes, both friends and foes Conclude they linow who did not irricc liis prose." See Battle of the Books. BOYLE, John, Earl of Orrery and Cork (1707-62). An Irish writer. He is best known for his strangely unappreciative and malicious Remarks (1751) 'on his dead friend Swift, and for his excellent rendering into English (1751) of the Epistolce of Pliny the Younger. BOYLE, Richard (1566-1643). The founder of the bouse of Cork and Orrei-y, and styled the •great Earl of Cork,' was born at Canterbury, England. At the age of 22 he went over to Ireland, where he afterwards bought estates and improved them, promoted the immigration of English Protestants, and triumphed over his accusers and enemies through tlu' intervention of •Jueen Elizabeth. In 1620 he became Viscount Dungarvan and Earl of Cork. In 1C31 he was made Lord High Treasurer — an oflice which re- mained hereditary in his family. In his old age he suppressed a rising of Munster rebels. BOYLE, Robert (1627-91). An Englisli physicist and chemist. He was the son of the first Earl of Cork, and was born at Lismore Castle, Waterford, Ireland, January 25, 1627. As a child, he was distinguished by precocity of intellect and a rare love of truth. After studying at Eton and at home, he went to the Continent, where he stayed for six years (1638-44). On his return he found himself in possession, by his father's death, of the Manor of Stalbridge, Dor- setshire, where he resided till 1650. He took no part in political strife, but devoted himself to the cultivation of science, and ))articularly of chemistry and natural jihilosophy. He was one of the first members of that association of scientific men which about that time (1645) held ])rivate meetings at Oxford and London, and some vears after became better known as the Royal Society. In 1654 he settled at Oxford. Here he experimented extensively in pneumatics,
 * ind improved the air-pump. At the same time

iie devoted considerable study to theology. After the Restoration he was urgently advised by Lord Clarendon to take orders, but be thought that he could do better service to religion as a layman. Among the proofs which he gave of this, besides his own theological writings and eminent example, were his exertions as Governor of the Corporation for the Spread of the Gospel in New England, as well as in procuring and circulnting at his own expense translations of the Scriptures, and his beqtiest for the toundation