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* BOWMAN. 384 BOWRING. the construction of defensive works and of har- bor improvements on the Gulf of Mexico. From 1S34 to 1831) he was engaj^cd in constructing the Memphis anil Saint Francis military road and in improving the navigation of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. He was instructor of practical military engineering at West Point (1851-52), and in 1853 was appointed chief engineer of the construction bureau of the United States Treas- ury Department. During the Civil War he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy, with the local rank of colonel. BOWMAN, Edward Morris (1848—). An American organist, pianist, choral conductor, and teacher: born in Barnard, Vt. He studied under Dr. William Mason and John P. Morgan, of New York; Weitzmann, Ilohde. August Haupt, and Franz Bendel, of Berlin; Batiste and Gnilmant, of Paris, and Drs. MacFarren, Bridge, and E. H. Turijin, of London. In 1877 he published the Boiniiaii-JVeitzniann Manual of Musical Theory, 11 compilation from his student notes of Weitz- mann's theory of harmony. This valuable text- book, indorsed by Weitzmann, was subsequently 1;ranslated into German. In 1881, while in Lon- don, he passed the examination of the Royal Col- lege of Organists, and became the first American associate. Beginning in 1884, he served eight terms as president of the American College of Musicians, of which he was the projector and one of the founders, and of which he afterwards be- came honorary president and trustee. In 1895 he became organist and conductor of the Temple Choir, in connection with the Baptist Temple, in Brooklyn, N. Y.. which, while jKipularizing. has contributed greatly to raise the standard of music, both ecclesiastical and secular, in that metropolitan borough. Mr. Bowman's composi- tions include songs, part-songs, anthems, and orchestral numbers. One of the leading concert organists and pianists in the United States, he is also one of its most successful theorists, lectur- ers, and teachers. In 1891 he succeeded Dr. F. L. Ritter as professor of musie in Vassar College, and in 1892 was also apjiointed examiner to Evelyn College. Princeton, X. .1. His publislied lectures include: Harnioinj: Ilintorir Points and Modern Methods; Formation of Piano Touch; and Uchition of Musicians to the Ptibiic. BOWMAN, TnoM.^s (1817—). An American clergyman, l)(irn in Columbia County, Pa. He graduated :it Dickinson College in 1S37, studied law at Carlisle for a year, and in 1839 became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He taught in the Grammar School of Dickinson College from 1840 to 1843, and from 1848 to 1858 was president of the Dickinson Seminary at Willianisport, Pa., which he himself hab cipbUialmic surgeon; born at Nantwich. He studied at the General Hospital, Birming- ham, at King's College, London, and on the Continent, and became a member of the Roval College (if Surgeons in 1839. In 1840 he was appointed junior demonstrator of anatomy at King's College; in the same year assistant sur- geon, and in 1850 full surgeon, in King's College Hospital; in 1840 assistant surgeon, and in 1851 full surgeon, in the Royal Ophtlialniic lluspital, Moorfields. He was in 1848 elected to the chair of physiologj- and of general and morbid anatomy at King's College; in 1841 became a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1844 of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons. In 1880-83 he was the first president of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom. His Lectures on the Eye (1849) established his reputation as a surgeon. His services to general anatomy also were great. The results of many of his investigations in this held are to be found in various jiapers read before the Royal Society, and in the important Anatomy and Physiology of Man, with Todd (1843-50). His Collected Papers were published in two volumes in 1892, edited by J. B. Sander- son and .T. W. Hulke. with a memoir by H. Power. BOWMAN'S ROOT. See Gillenia. BOWMANVILLE, bcymon-vll. A town in West Durham County, Ontario, Canada, on Lake Ontario and the Grand Trunk Railroad, 43 miles northeast of Toronto (Map: Ontario, E 4). It has manufactures of agricultural machinery, fur- niture, and nuisical instruments, and flour- mills, driven by water-power, and carries on a trade by the lake. It is a port of entry, with a harbor at Port Dailington, 4i.> miles from the town. Population, in 1891. 3377: in 1901, 2731. BOWNDE, bound, or BOUND, Nicholas ( ? — 1013). An English clergj'man. A son of Richard Bownde, physician to the Duke of Nor- folk. He was educated at Cambridge and Oxford, and in 1594 was invested with the title of D.D. at the former university. He became famous through his treatise on the Sabbath (1st ed. 1595), in which he contended that all manner of feasting, as well as May games, shooting, bowl- ing, dances, and all other sports, were a jirofana- tion of the seventh day, which he held had been ordained as one of rest, similarly to the .lewish Sabbath. The so-called Sabl)atarian l^iuestion, which thereby arose, constituted the first point of doctrinal difference between the High-Church party and the Puritans, and expressed the prin- cipal goint of distinction between the two parties. BOWNE, bcnm, BoRDE?f P.ARKER (1847—). An Ameriean philosopher and educator, born at Leonardville, N. J. He graduated at New Y'ork University in 1871, studied at Halle and Gottin- gen. and in 1870 was appointed professor of philos(i])liy at Boston University. His i)ublica- tions include, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer (1874): Introilnetion to I'si/choloi/ical Theory (1880) : Principles of Ethics (1802) ; The Chris- tian Itevelation (1898); The Christian Life (1899): and The Atonement (1900). BOWRING, bou'ring. Sir John (1792-1872). An English politician, linguist, and author. He was liorn at Exeter, October 17, 1792. He early devoted himself to the study of langiuiges, in the acquisition of which he displayed an unusual degree of talent. The national poetry of differ- cuL peoples had great attraction for him. and he rendered valuable service to literature by collect- ing iind translating both the more ancient and the more modern po])ubir ])oems of almost all the countries of Eurojie. He was very intimately as-