Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/435

* BOWLING GKEEN. 383 BOWMAN. 1812, and is now governed under a charter of 1803, which provides for a mayor, elected every four years, and a city council elected on a gen- eral ticket. Tlie waterworks and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipal- ity. During the Civil War the place was regard- ed by the Confederates as of considerable strat- egic importance. Population, in 1890, 7803; in 1900. Si-Jfi. BOWLING GREEN. A city and the county- seat of Pike County, JIo., 90 miles northwest of Saint Louis; on tlie Chicago and Alton and the Saint Louis and Hannibal railroads (Map: Mis- souri, E 2). It has a flour-mill and a pipe- factorv, and is the seat of Pike College (non-sec- tarian), founded in 1881. Settled in 1820, Bow- ling Green was incorporated in 1838. Its present government is administered under general stat- utes for cities of the fourth class, which provide for a mavor. elected biennially, and a board of aldermen." Population, in 1800, 1564; in 1900, 1902. BOWLING GREEN. A city and the county- seat of Wood County, Ohio. 22 miles south of Toledo; on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton and the Toledo and Ohio Central railroads (Map: Ohio, C 3). Among the more notable features of the city are a park, and the court-house and city- hall buildings. It is in an agricultural district and carries on a trade in grain and general farm produce, and is the centre of a great oil and nat- ural-gas region, the chief source of prosperity. There are also foundries, and cut-glass and can- ning factories. The city has waterworks, gas plant, and electric-light plant, and a unique fea- ture in the form of a hot-water heating plant, all owned and operated by private companies. Set- tled in 1832. Bowling Green was incorporated in 1854. The government, under the revised charter of 1901, is in the hands of a mayor, elected every two vears. and a municipal council. Population, in 1890. 3407: in 1900. 5067. BOWLING GREEN. A triangular strip of land at the foot of Broadway. New York, contain- ing a small oval park. Early in the Dutch occupancy of Xew York the place was laid out as a village green and parade-ground. Facing it on the south stood Fort Amsterdam, built in 1026 and torn down in 1787. when a mansion was erected on its site for Washington, who, how- ever, did not occupy it. and it became the official residence of Governors Clinton and Jay. The Governor's mansion in turn gave way to a row of fine brick residences, the famous 'Mushroom Row,' in recent years occupied by steamship oflTiees, and torn down in 1901 to make room for the new custom-house. In Colonial times the Bowling Green was surrounded by aristocratic dwellings, the site of which is now occupied by lofty office buildings. In 1770 the citizens erect- ed on the Green an equestrian statue of George III., which was pulled down after the reading of the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776, and converted into 48,000 leaden bullets for use against the p]nglish. BOWLS, br.lz (Fr. loule, It. holla, bulla, from Lat. bulla, bubble, a round object). A game I)laycd upon a smooth, flat piece of turf. The plajxTs arrange themselves in sides, usually of three or four each, and each man is provided with two bowls. The bowls are made of lignura- vitfe wood, of varying size and weight, nearly round, and with a bias to one side. A smaller ball, generally a perfect sphere, and white, is placed at one" end of the bowling-green; this is termed the jack, and the aim of the players, who stand at the other end of the green, is to so send their bowls that they may lie as near as possible to the jack. The side whose bowls are nearest the jack reckon one point for each bowl so placed. Various scores make game, according to mutual arrangement beforehand. Bowls arc biased or weighted on one side, that the player may reach the jack by a curved instead of a straight course, an expedient which the nature of the game ren- ders particularly desirable. -V bowl is played forehand when it is so placed in the hand and ilelivered as to cause it to ajjproach the jack with a curve from the right; and in order to attain this curve the bowl must be held so that its bias is on the left or in-side. Backhand is the reverse. If a bowl goes out of bounds with- out touching the jack it cannot count in the scoring of that end; but if it strikes the jack and then rolls out of bounds, it reckons as if on the green. When the jack is carried off the gie«n by a ball it is usually lifted and placed on the gieeu as near as possible to its position iu the ditch. . form of bowling is practiced among the pit- men and other workmen of the north of England, in which stone or concrete balls are rolled over a course one-half mile to one mile long, the object being to cover the distance in the fewest possible throws. Bowling. — Bowling on alleys has developed a greater variety of games than bowling on the green. The principal alley game is tenpins, a name by which bowling itself is sometimes known. The pins are set up so as to form a tri- angular figure, at the end of an alley whose regu- lation size is 60 feet in length and 42 inches in width. The aim is to bowl down all the pins in the three balls or frame which each jjlaycr rolls in turn. Should the player knock down all the pins with the first ball" he is credited with a strike, and may add to the 10 thus scored the number of points made on the next two balls that he may roll. If the pins all fall in two rolled balls the player scores a spare, and to the 10 thus scored may add the points gained in the next ball he may 'roll. When a [)layer makes a large number of strikes and spares in a game the scoring becomes somewhat complex, and a large totiil is quickly gained. Ten frames for each player constitutes a game. The maximum score ])ossible is 300, which would be gained by making a strike in each frame. For a description of the bowling games derived from tenpins he reader is referred to the various manuals on the sport. The principal games are cocked hat, cocked hat and feather, college game. Newport game, head- pin game. Glen Island, seven-up, ninepins head- pin out, T game, pin pool, nine up and nine down, head pin, four back, five back, white elephant, open game, seven down, and four back. Consult: Vogell, "Bowling," lipalding's Athletic Library (New York, 1895), and American League Bowl- ing Ciiidi- (New York). BOWMAN, bo'man, Alexander Hamilton (1803-65). An American soldier. He was bom in Wilkesbarre, Pa., and in 1825 graduated at West Point, where he taught for one year as assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics. He then became assistant engineer in